Cerebrospinal fluid findings in COVID-19 patients with neurological symptoms

Endothelial cell infection and endotheliitis in COVID-19

Varga, Z., Flammer, A. J., Steiger, P., Haberecker, M., Andermatt, R., Zinkernagel, A. S., Mehra, M. R., Schuepbach, R. A., Ruschitzka, F., & Moch, H. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30937-5 · Cited by 6,358

Neurologic features in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

Helms, J., Kremer, S., Merdji, H., Clere-Jehl, R., Schenck, M., Kummerlen, C., Collange, O., Boulay, C., Fafi-Kremer, S., Ohana, M., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2008597 · Cited by 2,674

Large-Vessel Stroke as a Presenting Feature of Covid-19 in the Young

Oxley, T. J., Mocco, J., Majidi, S., Kellner, C. P., Shoirah, H., Singh, I. P., Leacy, R. A. D., Shigematsu, T., Ladner, T. R., Yaeger, K., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2009787 · Cited by 2,114

A first case of meningitis/encephalitis associated with SARS-Coronavirus-2

Moriguchi, T., Harii, N., Goto, J., Harada, D., Sugawara, H., Takamino, J., Ueno, M., Sakata, H., Kondo, K., Myose, N., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.03.062 · Cited by 2,024

Multiorgan and Renal Tropism of SARS-CoV-2

Puelles, V. G., Lütgehetmann, M., Lindenmeyer, M. T., Sperhake, J. P., Wong, M. N., Allweiss, L., Chilla, S., Heinemann, A., Wanner, N., Liu, S., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2011400 · Cited by 1,775

Frontal encephalopathy related to hyperinflammation in COVID-19

Cani, I., Barone, V., D’Angelo, R., Pisani, L., Allegri, V., Spinardi, L., Malpassi, P., Fasano, L., Rinaldi, R., Fanti, S., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10057-5 · Cited by 45

Guillain–Barré syndrome in the COVID-19 era: another occasional cluster?

Tatu, L., Nono, S., Grácio, S., & Koçer, S. (2020) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-020-10005-3 · Cited by 32

Pediatric de novo movement disorders and ataxia in the context of SARS-CoV-2

Wilpert, N., Marcelino, A. L. D. A., Knierim, E., Incoronato, P., Sánchez-Sendín, E., Staudacher, O., Drenckhahn, A., Bittigau, P., Kreye, J., Prüß, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-023-11853-5 · Cited by 5

Emerging Landscape of Preclinical Models for Studying COVID-19 Neurologic Diseases

Li, J., Wang, J., & Wang, H. (2023) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.3c00127 · Cited by 5

COVID-19: neurological sequelae

Spencer, P. S., Román, G. C., Buguet, A., Guekht, A. B., & Reis, J. J. (2021) · Health Risk Analysis · doi:10.21668/health.risk/2021.2.16 · Cited by 5

Guillain-Barre Syndrome with COVID-19

Chen, T., & Briemberg, H. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2021.108 · Cited by 4

Differential Diagnosis and Hospital Emergency Management for Fastlane Treatment of Central Nervous System Infection Under the COVID-19 Epidemic in Changsha, China

Yang, H., Chi, Y., Chen, Z., Fan, Y., Wu, H., Hu, X., Wu, T. T., Xiao, B., & Zhang, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.555202 · Cited by 4

The Biosafety and Risk Management in Preparation and Processing of Cerebrospinal Fluid and Other Neurological Specimens With Potential Coronavirus Infection

Chen, C., Chiang, P.-C., & Chen, T. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.613552 · Cited by 4

Neuropathogenesis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

Patel, P. B., & Bearden, D. (2021) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001068 · Cited by 4

Delayed encephalopathy after COVID-19: A case series of six patients

Akimoto, T., Hara, M., Tasaki, K., Kurosawa, Y., Nakamoto, T., Hirose, S., Mizoguchi, T., Yokota, Y., Ninomiya, S., & Nakajima, H. (2022) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000031029 · Cited by 3

Neurological Manifestations of COVID-19 Associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) in Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Herini, E. S., Iskandar, K., Triono, A., Swipratami, A. W., Dewi, Y. P., Hadiyanto, M. L., Kirana, I. R., & Rizki, S. H. M. (2023) · Indian Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s13312-023-2883-4 · Cited by 3

Ocular neuroinflammatory response secondary to SARS-CoV-2 infection-a review

Zhao, Y., Tang, Y., Wang, Q. Y., & Li, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1515768 · Cited by 6

COVID-19-Associated Encephalopathy—Case Series and Clinical Considerations

Udzik, J., Jakubowski, P., Niekrasz, M., Barczyszyn, A., & Parczewski, M. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11040981 · Cited by 3

Potential Neuroprotective Effect of Cannabinoids in COVID-19 Patients

Cortes-Altamirano, J. L., Yáñez-Pizaña, A., Reyes-Long, S., González-Maciel, A., Bandala, C., Bonilla‐Jaime, H., & Alfaro-Rodríguez, A. (2022) · Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1568026622666220405143003 · Cited by 3

Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccines: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Manifestations

Yepes, M. (2022) · Current Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1389450123666220919123029 · Cited by 4

Encefalitis viral por COVID-19: reporte de caso

Franco, D. M., Valencia, A., Nieto, V., Robayo, I., & Osorio-Perdomo, D. (2020) · Acta Colombiana de Cuidado Intensivo · doi:10.1016/j.acci.2020.11.005 · Cited by 2

The post-COVID syndrome

Lidiia, S., Gavrilova, N., Ryabkova, V. A., Maria, L., & Kamaeva, E. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-18566-3.00027-x · Cited by 2

Post-infectious central nervous system vasculitides in adults: an underdiagnosed and treatable disease part II. Neuroimaging of selected etiologies

Zedde, M., Quatrale, R., Andreone, V., Pezzella, F. R., Micieli, G., Cortelli, P., Sette, M. D., & Pascarella, R. (2024) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-024-07938-2 · Cited by 2

Efferent neuro-ophthalmic complications of coronavirus disease 2019

Dinkin, M., & Sathi, S. (2022) · Current Opinion in Ophthalmology · doi:10.1097/icu.0000000000000904 · Cited by 3

Comparison of clinical characteristics and disease burden of febrile seizures in children with and without COVID-19

Jiang, Z., Fang, C., Peng, F., & Fan, W. Q. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-04821-z · Cited by 1

Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of COVID-19 patients and vaccinated controls: a multicentre study

Nersesjan, V., Boldingh, M. I., Quist‐Paulsen, E., Argren, M. B., Høgestøl, E. A., Aamodt, A. H., Popperud, T. H., Kondziella, D., Jørgensen, C. S., Jensen, V. V. S., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12769-4 · Cited by 1

Human brain matters: Navigating the neuropathology of COVID ‐19

Nieuwland, J. M., Scaramuzza, A., Bugiani, M., van de Berg, W. D. J., & Middeldorp, J. (2026) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.70101 · Cited by 2

Osmotic demyelination syndrome amidst COVID-19: A case report with literature review

Dimitrov, G., Naeva, D., Duparinova, R., Stratieva, S., Manev, V., & Prinova, K. (2024) · Neurología · doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2023.11.001 · Cited by 1

Osmotic demyelination syndrome amidst COVID-19: A case report with literature review

Dimitrov, G., Naeva, D., Duparinova, R., Stratieva, S., Manev, V., & Prinova, K. (2024) · Neurología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nrleng.2023.11.001 · Cited by 1

CEREBROVASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF COVID-19

Lychko, V., & Burtyka, M. (2021) · Eastern Ukrainian Medical Journal · doi:10.21272/eumj.2021;9(3):219-227 · Cited by 1

Diagnostic Approaches to Acute Neuro-COVID

Cascella, M., & Blasio, E. D. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-86705-8_3 · Cited by 1

Neurological aspects of COVID-19

Aliyeva, M., Saparbayev, S. S., Ayaganov, D. N., Kurmangazin, M., & Tuychibaeva, N. M. (2021) · Kazan medical journal · doi:10.17816/kmj2021-877 · Cited by 2

Neuropathogenesis and Neurological Manifestations of SARS-CoV-2

Premraj, L., Arora, R. C., & Cho, S. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-94992-1_8 · Cited by 1

Autoimmune Encephalitis Following COVID-19 Infection with Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mimicking Metachromatic Leukodystrophy in an Adolescent: A Case Report

Mohd Luthfi, B., Lestari, R., & Syarif, I. (2022) · International Journal of Research and Review · doi:10.52403/ijrr.20220919 · Cited by 1

Neuroimaging Findings of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Aein, A., Khanpara, S. D., Samant, R., Cai, Y. F., Nunez, L., Savitz, S. I., Romero, J. M., & Riascos, R. (2022) · Neurographics · doi:10.3174/ng.2100021 · Cited by 1

Reader Response: Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy With SARS-CoV-2 RNA Confirmed in Cerebrospinal Fluid

Frontera, J. A., Lewis, A. K., Yaghi, S. R., & Bhimraj, A. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012357 · Cited by 1

Cerebrospinal fluid examination and advantage in clinical diagnosis for COVID-19 and monkeypox

Mungmunpuntipantip, R., & Wiwanitkit, V. (2022) · Journal of Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences University · doi:10.4103/jdmimsu.jdmimsu_250_22 · Cited by 1

Autoantigens of Nervous System and Human Coronavirus Antigens: Is There a Possibility for Molecular Mimicry?Preprint

Gavrilova, N., Normatov, M. G., Soprun, L. A., Utekhin, V. J., Fedotkina, T. V., & Churilov, L. P. (2023) · Preprints.org · doi:10.20944/preprints202307.0489.v1 · Cited by 1

Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Different Body Fluids Using RT-PCR – An Autopsy Based StudyPreprint

Kyada, H. C., Trangadia, M. M., Vadgama, D. K., Varu, P. R., Bhuva, S. D., Manvar, P. J., & Rathod, B. (2020) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-115745/v1

Neurological impairments in COVID-19 pandemic

Bjelobaba, I. M., & Kanazir, S. (2020) · Hrana i ishrana · doi:10.5937/hraish2002071b

Guillain-Barré syndrome and variants associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Mexico

Pérez-Valdez, E. Y., López‐Hernández, J. C., May-Mas, R. N., Briseño‐Godínez, M. E., Galnares‐Olalde, J. A., de Saráchaga, A. J., León-Manríquez, E., Calleja-Castillo, J. M., Flores-Rivera, J. D. J., & Vargas-Cañas, E. S. (2021) · Revista de Fomento Social · doi:10.24875/rmn.200001361

Froin's syndrome secondary to disseminated staphylococcus infection in a COVID-19 patient.Preprint

Soto-Mota, A. (2021) · doi:10.22541/au.162271671.11858918/v1

COVID-19 Neurologic Illnesses

Poliner, D., & Chang, W.-T. W. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85636-6_14

Avaliação de sintomas neurológicos em pacientes infectados por Sars-Cov-2 e sua correlação com o prognóstico

de Almeida, B. L. C., Preta, M. P. G. D. A. C., & Ditz, M. G. (2022) · Programa de Iniciação Científica - PIC/UniCEUB - Relatórios de Pesquisa · doi:10.5102/pic.n0.2020.8228

Guillain-Barre Syndrome Secondary to COVID-19: A case report and short review of other published cases

Kumar, M., Banik, B., & Govindarajan, R. (2022) · RRNMF Neuromuscular Journal · doi:10.17161/rrnmf.v3i1.15770

COVID-19 Encephalopathy Presenting As New-Onset Seizure: A Case Report

Baksh, A., Hadid, A., & Jaiganesh, T. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.28204

Neurointensivmedizin und COVID-19

Dimitriadis, K. A., Schmidbauer, M. L., & Bösel, J. (2022) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s00115-022-01417-9

Neurological Disorder after Severe Pneumonia is Associated with Translocation of Bacteria from Lung to BrainPreprint

Ma, Q., Yao, C., Wu, Y., Wang, H., Fan, Q., Yang, Q., Xu, J., Dai, H., Zhang, Y., Xu, F., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.12.30.522351

Manifestações psicopatológicas e cognitivas associadas à infecção pelo vírus SARS-CoV-2

Damiano, R. F. (2023) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2023.tde-29082023-114208

COVID-19 LIGOS NEUROLOGINĖS APRAIŠKOS IR KOMPLIKACIJOS

Kimševaitė, L. (2023) · Health Sciences · doi:10.35988/sm-hs.2023.222

Cerebrospinal fluid cytochemical analysis from COVID-19 patients with neurological disorders

Quispe-Aranda, D., Cruz-Gonzales, G., Rojas-Zumarán, V., Concha, A. H., Cruz-Gonzales, W., Moya‐Salazar, J., & Walttuoni-Picón, E. (2023) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.139438.1

Prevalence and typology of hallucinatory phenomena in adults with COVID-19: Early experiences at the post-acute phase in step down unit

Chea, M., de Langavant, L. C., Delorme, C., Corvol, J., Delemazure, J., Morawiec, É., Faure, M., Pichon, B., Bayen, É., & Stefanescu, F. (2025) · Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rehab.2025.101970

Intrinsic Factors Behind Long COVID: VI. Combined Impact of G3BPs and SARS‐CoV‐2 Nucleocapsid Protein on the Viral Persistence and Long COVID

Eltayeb, A., Rubio‐Casillas, A., Uversky, V. N., & Redwan, E. M. M. M. (2025) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.70038

Literaturverzeichnis

(2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21884-2.00033-7

Neurologische Intensivmedizin

Höfner, E., Berrouschot, J., & Weber, J. R. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-3-437-21884-2.00022-2

Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2

Aqib, A. I., Zaheer, T., Khan, R., Khan, Y. R., Ali, A., Sajid, H. A., Kiran, V., Zaheer, C.-N. F., Hussain, F., & Nabeel, M. A. (2025) · BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS eBooks · doi:10.2174/9789815322194125010012

Additional file 1 of The brain reacting to COVID-19: analysis of the cerebrospinal fluid proteome, RNA and inflammation

Reinhold, D., Farztdinov, V. M., Yan, Y., Meisel, C., Sadlowski, H., Kühn, J., Perschel, F. H., Endres, M., Düzel, E., Vielhaber, S., et al. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26567420

Additional file 1 of Neurologic manifestations of COVID-19 in critically ill patients: results of the prospective multicenter registry PANDEMIC

Dimitriadis, K., Meis, J., Neugebauer, H., Barlinn, K., Neumann, B., Gahn, G., Lochner, P., Knier, B., Lindemann, S., Sühs, K. W., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20330065

Additional file 1 of Herpesvirus and neurological manifestations in patients with severe coronavirus disease

Carneiro, V. C. D. S., Alves‐Leon, S. V., Sarmento, D. J. D. S., Coelho, W. L. D. C. N. P., Moreira, O. D. C., Salvio, A. L., Ramos, C. H. F., Filho, C. H. F. R., Marques, C. A. B., da Costa Gonçalves, J. P., et al. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.20033160

Cerebrospinal fluid cytochemical analysis from COVID-19 patients with neurological disorders

Quispe-Aranda, D., Cruz-Gonzales, G., Rojas-Zumarán, V., Concha, A. H., Cruz-Gonzales, W., Moya‐Salazar, J., & Walttuoni-Picón, E. (2026) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.139438.2

Acute Neurological Manifestations in COVID‐19 Are Associated With Complement Activation and Glia‐Promoted Neuroinflammation

Freitas, N. L., Gomes, Y. C. P., Nogueira, F. C. S., Echevarria‐Lima, J., Deus, J. V. C., Brandão, C. O., Soares, C., Silva, M. T. T., & Espíndola, O. D. M. (2026) · Journal of Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/jmv.71165

SARS-CoV-2 RNA detection in cerebrospinal fluid: Presentation of two cases and review of literature

Luis, M. B., Liguori, N. F., López, P. A., & Alonso, R. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100282 · Cited by 17

Neurological Complications in COVID-19 Patients: Can Analysis of Specific Antibodies and Viral RNA in Paired Cerebrospinal Fluid and Serum be Used for Accurate Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 Neuroinflammatory Disease? A Case Series

Lauridsen, K. H., Olsen, K. B., Lund, E. L., Jensen, T. Ø., Pedersen, T. I., Harboe, Z. B., Antsupova, V. S., Rasmussen, L. D., Röser, D., Banner, J., et al. (2022) · Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1177/2632010x221139096 · Cited by 2

Patients with COVID-19 and neurological manifestations show undetectable SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels in the cerebrospinal fluid

Espíndola, O. D. M., Siqueira, M. M., Soares, C., Lima, M. A., Leite, A. C. C. B., Araújo, A., Brandão, C. O., & Silva, M. T. T. (2020) · International Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.123 · Cited by 85

CSF Biomarkers in Patients With COVID-19 and Neurologic Symptoms

Edén, A., Kanberg, N., Gostner, J. M., Fuchs, D., Hagberg, L., Andersson, L., Lindh, M., Price, R. W., Zetterberg, H., & Gisslén, M. (2020) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000010977 · Cited by 147

NEUROLOGICAL IMPACT OF COVID-19 PANDEMIC: LESSONS & CAUTIONS

Dutta, D. (2020) · Royal Book Publishing · doi:10.26524/royal.37.5 · Cited by 6