The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Correlation between Clinical and Histologic Pulp Diagnoses
Abstract
Introduction Clinicians routinely face conditions in which they have to decide whether the dental pulp can be saved or not. This study evaluated how reliable the clinical diagnosis of normal pulp/reversible pulpitis (savable pulp) or irreversible pulpitis (nonsavable pulp) is when compared with the histologic diagnosis. Methods The study material consisted of 95 teeth collected consecutively in a general practice over a 5-year period and extracted for reasons not related to this study. Based on clinical criteria, teeth were categorized as having normal pulps, reversible pulpitis, or irreversible pulpitis. The former 2 were grouped together because they represent similar conditions in terms of prognosis. Teeth were processed for histologic and histobacteriologic analyses, and pulps were categorized as healthy, reversibly inflamed, or irreversibly inflamed according to defined criteria. The number of matching clinical/histologic diagnosis was recorded. Results The clinical diagnosis of normal pulp/reversible pulpitis matched the histologic diagnosis in 57 of 59 (96.6%) teeth. Correspondence of the clinical and histologic diagnosis of irreversible pulpitis occurred in 27 of 32 (84.4%) cases. Infection advancing to the pulp tissue was a common finding in teeth with irreversible pulpitis but was never observed in normal/reversibly inflamed pulps. Conclusions Findings using defined criteria for clinical and histologic classification of pulp conditions revealed a good agreement, especially for cases with no disease or reversible disease. This means that the classification of pulp conditions as normal pulps, reversible pulpitis, and irreversible pulpitis has high chances of guiding the correct therapy in the large majority of cases. However, there is still a need for refined and improved means for reliable pulp diagnosis.
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“Future research should focus on establishing clearer correlations between clinical symptoms and histological status of the pulp, as current evidence shows significant discrepancies between these parameters [25].”
From Consensus‐Based Recommendations on Pulp Therapies in Primary and Permanent Teeth: IAPD Porto Forum (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
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Chen, S. M. S., Chng, Y. H., Tan, G. H. S., Koh, A. S. E., Lui, J., & Tay, J.-R.-H. (2025) · British Dental Journal · doi:10.1038/s41415-025-8873-2 · Cited by 1
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Mora, M., Pacheco-Yanes, J., & Sigurdsson, A. (2025) · JADA Foundational Science · doi:10.1016/j.jfscie.2025.100050 · Cited by 1
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“Therefore, total removal of the pulp tissue, or pulpectomy, is not necessary [3].”
Sivaguru, K., Vinaykumar, G., Ramachandran, V. S., Swamy, S., & K, A. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.81637 · Cited by 1
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InfluentialTzanetakis, G., Papanakou, S., Koletsi, D., & Katsoulas, N. (2025) · Dental Traumatology · doi:10.1111/edt.13058 · Cited by 1
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“In Ricucci et al., 15% of cases of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis become reversible pulpitis clinically and also concluded the correlation of clinical and histological match of reversible pulpitis to be 96% and irreversible pulpitis to be 85% [6].”
BackgroundMatür daimi dişlerde vital pulpa tedavilerine güncel bir bakış-derleme makalesi
Sarı, M., & Tüfenkçi, P. (2024) · Acta Odontologica Turcica · doi:10.17214/gaziaot.1328343 · Cited by 1
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Chiarelli-Neto, V. M., de Aveiro, E., Bronzato, J., Arruda-Vasconcelos, R., Louzada, L., Godoi, E. P., Lopes, E. M., de-Jesus-Soares, A., Ferraz, C. R., Almeida, J., et al. (2023) · Australian Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/aej.12784 · Cited by 1
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Elsherif, M., Darrag, A., Saudi, H., & Shaheen, N. (2023) · Tanta Dental Journal · doi:10.4103/tdj.tdj_1_23 · Cited by 1
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“[33] Irreversible pulpitis cases have shown morphological changes indicating presence of inflammation or necrosis of coronal pulp while the radicular pulp is viable.”
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“The histological picture in asymptomatic cases can vary between normal, reversible and irreversible inflamed conditions [8,10] The American Association of Endodontists AAE classifies the cases with deep caries and normal vitality response as asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis [11] The depth of caries was emphasized in…”
BackgroundDiagnosis, Epidemiology, and Global Impact of Endodontic Infections
Ørstavik, D. (2017) · doi:10.1002/9781119080343.ch2 · Cited by 1
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“As a dynamic and highly specialised tissue system, the dentine – pulp complex possesses an intrinsic capacity to respond to injury through coordinated in fl ammatory and reparative processes aimed at maintaining function [1, 2].”
FATORES ASSOCIADOS AO INSUCESSO DAS TÉCNICAS ANESTÉSICAS EMODONTOLOGIA
Lima, D., Barroso, W. D. A., & de Sousa, J. S. (2026) · VERUM: Revista de Iniciação Científica · doi:10.56579/knshqd63
Sahloul, S., Englebert, L., Aryanpour, S., & Boukpessi, T. (2026) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2026.09.014
Bardakçı, E., & Arslanparçası, M. A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15197563
“…root canal treatment has traditionally been considered for permanent teeth diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis, clinical pulpal diagnosis does not always accurately reflect the histopathological extent of inflammation, and inflammation may remain confined to the coronal pulp in some cases [1].”
Keskin, C., Usta, S., Yılmaz, Ö. S., & Bayraktar, D. (2026) · Frontiers in Dental Medicine · doi:10.3389/fdmed.2026.1957091
“While histological findings indicate that severe inflammation and bacterial infiltration can be confined to the coronal pulp directly beneath the exposure (4), numerous clinical studies have demonstrated high success rates when treating SIP cases with pulpotomy (5 – 7).”
Serrano, A., Silva, E. J. N. L., Duncan, H., Villar, A. J. C., Loroño, G., Estévez, R., Brizuela, C., & Alfayate, R. P. (2026) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.70274
Parupalli, V., G, S., & G., V. K. (2026) · Lasers in Dental Science · doi:10.1007/s41547-026-00355-y
“It is unclear how time matters for haemostasis, Ricucci et al. suggest that prolonged bleeding may suggest a severely inflamed pulp and negatively affect prognosis [18 ].”
The Expression of Neuropeptides in Pulpitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Watson, N., Edwards, D., Vuong, Q., & Obara, I. (2026) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.70267
PLA2G7-Mediated Pro-Inflammatory Activation of Lipid-Associated Macrophages Drives Pulpitis.
Chen, X.-Y., Huang, X., Lian, C.-X., Zhang, Y.-L., Wu, W.-Z., & Chen, Z. (2026) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.70264
Does preoperative ibuprofen reduce pain during treatment of deep caries in children?
Baranowski, M., & Taylor, G. (2026) · Evidence-Based Dentistry · doi:10.1038/s41432-026-01248-6
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Haas, A., Müller, M., Scholz, K. J., & Cieplik, F. (2026) · Oralprophylaxe & Kinderzahnmedizin · doi:10.1007/s44190-026-1173-y
“Der tatsächliche histologische Zustand der Pulpa lässt sich durch klinische Untersuchungen nur eingeschränkt beurteilen [23].”
Pan, Z., & Pan, T. (2026) · Dental journal · doi:10.3390/dj14090571
“Although Ricucci et al. found that clinical and histologic classification of pulp conditions revealed good agreement [33], it should be emphasized that the clinical diagnosis of SIP is a symptom-based category and does not directly establish the histopathological status of the pulp, including the…”
Comparative analysis of treatment of pulpal hyperemia
Kirsh, K. D., Adamchik, A., Ivashchenko, V. A., Zaporozhskaya-Abramova, E., Maksyukov, S., Tairov, V., Ковтун, Я. А., & Khromtsova, I. V. (2026) · Endodontics Today · doi:10.36377/et-0221
Chawla, S., Singhal, R., Namdev, R., Kumari, C., & Chhanna, K. (2026) · Biomaterial Investigations in Dentistry · doi:10.2340/biid.v13.46677
“Ricucci et al. showed that teeth clinically diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis may exhibit necrotic or bacterially colonized tissue limited to the coronal pulp, while healthy or minimally inflamed vital pulp persists apically [4].”
Gürler, K., & Yılmaz, K. (2026) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-026-07062-9
“However, recent clinical and histo-pathological evidence has challenged this paradigm by demonstrating that inflammation is often confined to the coronal pulp, whereas the radicular pulp remains vital and capable of healing [13].”
Proteomic profiling of pulpal and periapical diseases: a systematic review
Rai, A. S., Iype, A. M., Bhat, R., & Shetty, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Dental Medicine · doi:10.3389/fdmed.2026.1923261
“For instance, distinguishing between reversible and irreversible pulpitis remains challenging, often leading to unnecessary pulpectomies or delayed treatment with subsequent pulp necrosis (5).”
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Alvarado, J. D. A., Ricci, R., Sales-Junior, R. D. O., Pereira, B. D. M., Machado, N. E. D. S., Pereira-Neta, M. A. L., Silva, M. G. T., Santos, J. M. M. D., Ervolino, E., Cintra, L. T. A., et al. (2026) · Archives of Oral Biology · doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2026.106625
BPA-free resin-modified calcium silicate cement with enhanced bioactivity and biocompatibility.
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Ricucci, D., Milovidova, I., Frazier, K., Kalathingal, S., Bush, S., & Tay, F. R. (2026) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2026.08.007
Self-citationKeerthika, M. R., Surendran, S., Natanasabapathy, V., Chandrasekaran, S., Vasudevan, A., & Baskar, K. (2026) · Journal of conservative dentistry and endodontics · doi:10.4103/jcde.jcde_457_26
“[3,8] In clinical practice, this is often used as a key indicator of pulpal health when deciding whether to proceed with VPT. [9] 10-13] While sodium hypochlorite is commonly used in clinical practice, laboratory studies have shown that it is highly toxic to pulp-derived cells.”
Mittal, N., Baranwal, H., Singh, D., Dhakad, C., Kejriwal, A., & Sharma, S. (2026) · Journal of conservative dentistry and endodontics · doi:10.4103/jcde.jcde_355_26
“[16] The present randomized clinical trial assessed the clinical and radiographic outcomes associated with coronal and partial radicular pulpotomy using biologic scaffolds – chitosan and PRF – with Biodentine as the sealing material in vital permanent molars presenting with symptomatic irreversible…”
Kataoka, S. H. H., & Vera, J. (2026) · Current Oral Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40496-026-00437-7
“Several studies have demonstrated that inflammation is often localized to the coronal pulp, even in cases with intense pain or exaggerated responses to thermal stimuli [ 8 , 9, 25].”
Marques, N. G. D. O., Nogueira, A. C., Dalben, G. D. S., & Pinto, L. D. C. (2026) · Journal of Cleft Lip Palate and Craniofacial Anomalies · doi:10.4103/jclpca.jclpca_4_26
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“9 In the current patient, the involved incisors exhibited no caries, no restorations, no history of trauma, and no signs consistent with pulpal necrosis despite the negative cold response.”
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“2 Sleep is a fundamental physiological process essential for maintaining immune homeostasis and tissue integrity.”
Yılmaz, Ç. F., Barış, E., Ilk, O., & Kayaoglu, G. (2026) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.70213
“In contrast, few studies have found a high degree of concordance between clinical and histological diagnoses of healthy and inflamed pulps (Ricucci et al. 2014; Naseri et al. 2017).”
Rasen, S., Dawson, V., & Fransson, H. (2026) · Den norske tannlegeforenings Tidende · doi:10.56373/69f1d3a57d74a
“…Ricucci et al.s histologiske fund, der tyder på, at infektion og inflammation ved symptomgivende pulpitis overvejende er lokaliseret til kronepulpa, og at par-tiel fjernelse af pulpavæv kan være tilstrækkeligt til at opnå effektiv smertelindring uden behov for fuldstændig pulpaeks-stirpation (24).”
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“Dental caries and physical trauma often compromise the structural integrity of enamel and dentin, exposing the underlying pulp to microbial invasion and triggering pulpitis (Farges et al., 2015; Kakehashi et al., 1965; Ricucci et al., 2014).”
Siddiqui, Y. D., Sultana, N., Khattak, O., & Nizami, M. Z. I. (2026) · Dental journal · doi:10.3390/dj14060380
“An integrated disease model is therefore critical for accurate diagnosis, realistic prognosis, minimally invasive treatment planning, and long-term tooth preservation [13,21,22].”
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“At the tissue level, architectural alterations characteristic of pulpitis were observed 20 , supporting the validity of this model for studying inflammatory processes within the pulp–dentin complex.”
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“[9] Pulp response to caries can vary between root canals within the single tooth, [10] making them an ideal model to observe the different stages of PCO.”
Cabrera-Fernández, A., Domínguez-Domínguez, L., Pérez-Pérez, A., dos Santos, J. M. M., Díaz-Cuenca, A., Sánchez-Margalet, V., Sequeira, D., Segura-Egea, J., & Martín-González, J. (2026) · Journal of Functional Biomaterials · doi:10.3390/jfb17030147
“This finding suggests that some teeth clinically classified as having irreversible pulpitis may still retain regions of pulp tissue with reparative potential [51].”
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“The histological status of dental pulp is partially correlated with the clinical signs and symptoms of pulpitis [36].”
Tzanetakis, G., Markou, M., Koletsi, D., Nagendrababu, V., & Duncan, H. (2026) · International Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/iej.70114
Gehlot, S., Kumar, V., Mittal, S., Duhan, J., Sangwan, P., Arora, M., & Chauhan, N. (2026) · Australian Endodontic Journal · doi:10.1111/aej.70062
Assessment of Self-Medication Behaviour in Response to Dental Pain in Two Populations, France
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“14 Acute apical abscess is an invasion of the pulp by bacteria and an extension of the infectious process to the entire canal system and ligament.”
Mansoori, B. A., Nashbat, L. A., & Migdadi, F. (2026) · Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1544_25
MG132 facilitates dentin regeneration by modulating inflammation and odontoblast differentiation
Rana, B., Pokharel, E., Jang, J.-H., Lee, J.-H., Yamamoto, H., Kim, J.-Y., Park, E., Sohn, W.-J., An, S., An, C.-H., et al. (2026) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s00441-026-04051-y
“Unlike bone, which possesses the ability to regenerate completely, dentin healing response results in the formation of a structure that differs significantly from the original tissue (Ricucci, et al. 2014).”
Root Canal Treatment for Older Adults: New Zealand Dentists' Experiences and Approach to Practice.
Friedlander, L., Hamadani, P., Chandler, N. P., & Daniel, B. K. (2026) · Australian dental journal · doi:10.1111/adj.70040
Efficacy of Curcumin in Management of Postoperative Endodontic Pain: A Comparative Study
Mishra, N., Iqbal, M. J., Sabir, S., & Narang, I. (2026) · Indian Journal of Dental Sciences · doi:10.4103/ijds.ijds_74_25
Pulpotomy for an Immature Permanent Tooth With Symptomatic Irreversible Pulpitis Using Cold Ceramic
Mollashahi, N. F., Ansari, A., & Khazaei, A. (2026) · Case Reports in Dentistry · doi:10.1155/crid/4509890
Galiana, M. B., Galiana, A., de Langhe, C. D. L., Montiel, N., Zacarías, R., & Gualdoni, G. (2025) · Revista de la Facultad de Odontología · doi:10.30972/rfo.1829029
“Tanto Baume 18 como Ricucci et al. 15 , señalaron que el diagnóstico histo-lógico se limita a una porción específica del tejido pulpar, lo que dificulta una correlación precisa con el diagnóstico clínico general.”
In Vitro Evaluation of Microbial Leakage in Different Root Canal Obturation Techniques
Agrawal, R., Patel, P., Haider, A., Azeem, H., Anilkumar, K., & Mohamed, K. A. (2025) · Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences · doi:10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_1381_25
“[14] Furthermore, sealer selection, although standardized in this study, may also impact sealing efficacy.”
Shawli, H. T., Althomali, Y. M., Shukr, B., Alqarni, H. A., Althobaiti, I. D., & Alosaimi, M. S. (2025) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry · doi:10.4317/jced.63083
“Histological studies have observed that in cases of carious pulp exposure, the infection is often confined to the coronal chamber of the root canal system and that the radicular pulp tissue does not exhibit any signs of inflammation [9,10].”
Ayhan, M., Altunbaş, D., & Akdeniz, I. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-025-07049-0
“The definition of irreversible pulpitis is based on subjective findings and that histological examination is required to understand the true state of the pulp precisely [8].”
InfluentialShetty, P., Bhat, R., & Shetty, S. (2025) · Journal of Oral Biology and Craniofacial Research · doi:10.1016/j.jobcr.2025.09.029
“31,32 The superior reproducibility of the protocol reduces the sample sizes required for statistically significant results in comparative studies, further enhancing research efficiency and reducing patient burden for tissue collection.”
Beyond irreversible pulpitis: Redefining vital pulp therapy through a tissue-response-based paradigm
Asgary, S. (2025) · Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology · doi:10.55214/2576-8484.v9i9.10158
“Multiple histological investigations have confirmed that inflamed pulps usually contain vital tissue with preserved vasculature and innervation, even when diagnosed clinically as IP [4, 9, 56].”
Mestas-Ramos, J. A., Franco-Arellanes, M. C., Ambrosio-Castillo, L. E., González-González, U., Hernández-Aguilar, M., Ramírez-Thomé, S. K., Hernández-Juárez, J., Ávila-Curiel, B. X., Zenteno, E., & Solórzano-Mata, C. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Histology · doi:10.1007/s10735-025-10583-4
“At the tissue level, this condition involves severe vascular compromise and increased intrapulpal pres - sure, which clinically manifest as the intense pain patients experience (Ricucci et al. 2014 ; Santos et al. 2021 ).”
Aslaminabadi, N., Oghli, F. H. A., Mohammadzadeh, S., & Jamali, Z. (2025) · Journal of Dental Research, Dental Clinics, Dental Prospects · doi:10.34172/joddd.025.42755
“22 To elaborate on this controversy, it should be noted that the value of the examination relies on the patient’s ability to precisely indicate their present condition, which pediatric patients are not completely capable of.”
Endodontic Biomarkers: A Paradigm Shift in Endodontic Diagnosis
Shetty, K., & Amin, S. (2025) · International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology · doi:10.38124/ijisrt/25jul1894
Pereira, C. L. D. A., Jural, L., Marzullo, M. F., Lima, E. S. P. M., Magno, M., & Risso, P. A. (2025) · Journal of Dental Education · doi:10.1002/jdd.13988
“Nevertheless, clinical diagnoses based on pulp sensitivity tests (PSTs) generally correspond with histological findings in mostcases[5].”
Successful partial pulpotomy of a permanent mandibular molar: a two-year case report
Thomas, R., & Sisson, D. (2025) · British Dental Journal · doi:10.1038/s41415-025-8334-y
“16 proved otherwise.”
Priyadharshini, S., Ragavendran, C., Unnikrishnan, M., Ganapathy, S., & Jeevan, M. B. (2025) · Journal of International Oral Health · doi:10.4103/jioh.jioh_202_24
Mohamed, M. K., Abdelrahman, M. A., Abdel-Razik, A. H., & Elheeny, A. (2025) · BMC Oral Health · doi:10.1186/s12903-024-05297-0
Shabaan, N. A., Ibrahim, S., El-Boghdadi, R., & Abbasy, F. E. Z. E. (2024) · Romanian Journal of Stomatology · doi:10.37897/rjs.2024.4.3
“Ricucci et al [5] provided that the patients with SIP have histological and experimental results showed that the pulpal inflammation is primarily localized within the tissue of the coronal pulp rather than experimental and the pulp.”
Preserving the vital pulp in the permanent dentition: a simplified guide to indirect pulp capping
Gupta, D., Howell, W., Iqbal, S., & Camilleri, J. (2024) · Dental Update · doi:10.12968/denu.2024.51.7.468
Karacic, J., Eggmann, F., Weiger, R., & Zaugg, L. K. (2024) · SWISS DENTAL JOURNAL SSO – Science and Clinical Topics · doi:10.61872/sdj-2024-01-01
Zehnder, M. (2024) · Journal of Endodontics · doi:10.1016/j.joen.2024.02.015
Metadata
- Authors
- Ricucci, D., Loghin, S., & Siqueira, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Estácio (Brazil) (BR)
- Corresponding author
- Ricucci, Domenico
- Venue
- Journal of Endodontics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1932-1939
- ISSN
- 0099-2399 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2079366348
- Cited by
- 477
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 60 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 61 · 2022: 55 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 14.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Endodontics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Oral Surgery › Endodontics and Root Canal Treatments
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Dental materials and restorations
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › General Dentistry › Oral Health Pathology and Treatment
- Keywords
- diagnosis, histopathological diagnosis, pulp diagnosis, reversible pulpitis, irreversible pulpitis, pulpitis, pulp infection, endodontic treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Bacteria, Composite Resins, Dental Amalgam, Dental Caries, Dental Materials, Dental Pulp, Dental Pulp Necrosis, Dental Pulp Test, Dental Restoration, Permanent, Dentin, Dentin, Secondary, Diagnosis, Differential, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Odontoblasts, Prognosis, Pulpitis, Young Adult
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