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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Increases Prefrontal Cortex Gray Matter in Patients With Chronic Pain
Open accessAbstract
Unlabelled Several studies have reported reduced cerebral gray matter (GM) volume or density in chronic pain conditions, but there is limited research on the plasticity of the human cortex in response to psychological interventions. We investigated GM changes after cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with chronic pain. We used voxel-based morphometry to compare anatomic magnetic resonance imaging scans of 13 patients with mixed chronic pain types before and after an 11-week CBT treatment and to 13 healthy control participants. CBT led to significant improvements in clinical measures. Patients did not differ from healthy controls in GM anywhere in the brain. After treatment, patients had increased GM in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal, subgenual anterior cingulate/orbitofrontal, and sensorimotor cortices, as well as hippocampus, and reduced GM in supplementary motor area. In most of these areas showing GM increases, GM became significantly higher than in controls. Decreased pain catastrophizing was associated with increased GM in the left dorsolateral prefrontal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, right posterior parietal cortex, somatosensory cortex, and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. Although future studies with additional control groups will be needed to determine the specific roles of CBT on GM and brain function, we propose that increased GM in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices reflects greater top-down control over pain and cognitive reappraisal of pain, and that changes in somatosensory cortices reflect alterations in the perception of noxious signals.Perspective An 11-week CBT intervention for coping with chronic pain resulted in increased GM volume in prefrontal and somatosensory brain regions, as well as increased dorsolateral prefrontal volume associated with reduced pain catastrophizing. These results add to mounting evidence that CBT can be a valuable treatment option for chronic pain.
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“Notably there was increased functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the periaqueductal gray – an opioid rich brainstem region involved in descending pain modulation91”
From The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
In the citing paper
“Another study investigating the neural underpinnings of effective pain management with cognitive behavioral training in a mixed chronic pain population reported increased left DLPFC GMV, which correlated with reduction in pain catastrophizing91”
From The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
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“For a simple task in which cognitive demand is low, patients with CLBP and high pain catastrophizing have elevated DLPFC activation, whereas healthy controls have relative deactivation (13, 47, 59).”
BackgroundDalmau-Roig, A., Dürsteler, C., Ochandorena‐Acha, M., Vílchez-Oya, F., Martín‐Villalba, I., Obach, A., & Terradas‐Monllor, M. (2025) · BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12891-025-08294-8 · Cited by 9
Interaktionelle Gruppentherapie bei stressinduzierten Schmerzstörungen
Dobersch, J., Holtforth, M. G., & Egle, U. T. (2018) · Psychotherapeut · doi:10.1007/s00278-017-0266-9 · Cited by 8
“…Behandlungsprogramme zwar sowohl zu einer Verbesserung neurophysiologischer ParameterwieVolumender grauen Substanz (Seminowicz et al. 2013) oder der neuronalen Aktivität (Jensen et al. 2012) dieser Gehirnareale als auch zu einer Verringerung von Depressivität und…”
BackgroundCorticolimbic Circuitry in Chronic Pain Tracks Pain Intensity Relief Following Exposure In Vivo
Timmers, I., van de Ven, V. G., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., Smeets, R., Verbunt, J., de Jong, J. R., & Kaas, A. L. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.03.004 · Cited by 8
Does experienced pain affects local brain volumes? Insights from a clinical acute pain model
Torrecillas-Martínez, L., Catena, A., O’Valle, F., Padial‐Molina, M., & Galindo‐Moreno, P. (2019) · International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.ijchp.2019.01.001 · Cited by 8
Evidence Mapping Based on Systematic Reviews of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Neuropathic Pain
Li, C., Hou, W., Ding, D., Yang, Y., Gu, S., & Zhu, Y. (2023) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2023/2680620 · Cited by 8
The Role of Virtual Reality in the Management of Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Suchak, K. K., Almario, C. V., Liran, O., Chernoff, R. A., & Spiegel, B. M. R. (2024) · Current Gastroenterology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11894-024-00940-w · Cited by 10
“…addition to modifying attention to pain through distraction and time acceleration, VR offers an immersive platform through which people acquire and begin to master specific skills and cultivate adaptive cogni - tive patterns that reduce pain processing in the central nervous system (MOA2) [59, 60].”
BackgroundYang, K., Ding, Y., Chu, L., Cheng, C., Yu, X., Xu, H., Tao, Y., Liu, T., Yin, L., Wu, X., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology · doi:10.3389/fbioe.2024.1444731 · Cited by 7
Maddox, T., Sackman, J., Stoudt, M., Chibbaro, M., Judge, E., Rothery, R., Donini, J., Maddox, R., & Darnall, B. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Virtual Reality · doi:10.3389/frvir.2025.1613188 · Cited by 8
The role of stress in the comorbidity of migraine and other chronic primary pain
Zhao, S., Wang, T., Zhang, Q., Akerman, S., & Cao, D. (2025) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.70004 · Cited by 8
Liu, S., You, B., Zhang, X., Shaw, A., Chen, H., & Jackson, T. (2023) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000001103 · Cited by 7
Cuyúl-Vásquez, I., Ponce‐Fuentes, F., Salazar, J., Fuentes, J., & Araya‐Quintanilla, F. (2023) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.3233/bmr-220349 · Cited by 7
“…cognitive behavioral therapy in patients with chronic low back pain generates an increase in the volume of gray matter in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, right posterior parietal cortex, somatosensory cortex, and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex [11].”
Kolla, N. J., Smaragdi, A., Gainham, G., Karas, K. H., Hawco, C. S., Haas, J., Skilling, T. A., Walsh, M., & Augimeri, L. K. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.788240 · Cited by 10
“For example, pre- and post-intervention studies in patients with chronic pain and chronic fatigue syndrome found that CBT treatment was associated with increases in prefrontal GMV (62, 63).”
BackgroundMaddox, T., Oldstone, L., Sackman, J., Judge, E., Maddox, R., Adair, T., Ffrench, K., Sparks, C. Y., & Darnall, B. D. (2024) · Journal of Medical Extended Reality · doi:10.1089/jmxr.2023.0013 · Cited by 7
Analysis of follow-up data from an outpatient pain management program for refractory chronic pain
Inoue, M., Ikemoto, T., Inoue, S., Nakata, M., Nishihara, M., Arai, Y.-C. P., 宮川, 博., Shimo, K., Iida, H., Hasegawa, T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Orthopaedic Science · doi:10.1016/j.jos.2017.07.005 · Cited by 7
Thomas, P. J., Panchamukhi, S., Nathan, J., Francis, J., Langenecker, S. A., Gorka, S. M., Leow, A., Klumpp, H., Phan, K. L., & Ajilore, O. (2020) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111064 · Cited by 7
“Previous studies have identified similar correlations between left prefrontal cortical regional volumes (Seminowicz et al., 2013) and fMRI activities during self-referential processing of negative stimuli (Yoshimura et al.”
Yu, Z., Yang, H., Liu, L., Chen, L., Su, M.-H., Yang, L., Zhu, M.-J., Yang, L., Liang, F., Yu, S., et al. (2023) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000001971 · Cited by 9
“Moreover, after 11 weeks of cognitive-behavioral therapy, the DLPFC and the ACC GMVs also increased in chronic pain patients and were associated with reduced pain catastrophizing [47].”
BackgroundNeural Mechanisms of Nonauditory Effects of Noise Exposure on Special Populations
Xue, Z., Ling, X., Zhao, X., & Geng, L. (2024) · Noise and Health · doi:10.4103/nah.nah_78_23 · Cited by 8
“[87] Second, the structure and function of the PFC exhibit greater plasticity during early childhood and adolescence, with environmental stressors, including noise, ceasing to have an effect.”
The neuroscience of itch in relation to transdiagnostic psychological approaches
Kim, J. J., & Day, M. A. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-69973-5 · Cited by 7
Silva, M. J. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm13195923 · Cited by 7
“Objectively, improvements in ABCD-SPs can be visualized on functional MRI, and improvements correlate with a decreased pain state [50,51].”
BackgroundAgostinho, M. R., Weissman‐Fogel, I., & Treister, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1115370 · Cited by 6
Chao, A. M., Agarwal, K., Zhou, Y., Grilo, C. M., Gur, R. C., Joseph, P. V., Shinohara, R. T., Richmond, T. S., & Wadden, T. A. (2024) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24244 · Cited by 6
Chronic Pain Psychology in Neurology Practice
Serdarević, M. (2024) · Continuum · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000001471 · Cited by 4
Pinkston, M. M., Busch, A. M., Stein, M. D., Baker, J. V., Caviness, C. M., Herman, D. S., Weisberg, R. B., Abrantes, A. M., & Uebelacker, L. A. (2022) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2022.106842 · Cited by 6
Catastrophizing and chronic pain: a modern view on the problem
Lovchev, I. M., Shmidt, D. A., Sorokina, D. A., & Churyukanov, M. V. (2023) · Russian Journal of Pain · doi:10.17116/pain20232101160 · Cited by 6
Yoshino, A., Maekawa, T., Kato, M., Chan, H.-L., Otsuru, N., & Yamawaki, S. (2024) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2024.104523 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Seminowicz, D. A., Shpaner, M., Keaser, M. L., Krauthamer, G. M., Mantegna, J., Dumas, J. A., Newhouse, P. A., Filippi, C. G., Keefe, F. J., & Naylor, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Naylor, Magdalena R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1573-1584
- ISSN
- 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3874446
- OpenAlex
- W2081653089
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 21.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR059674, R01AR052131, R21AR055716)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, chronic pain, gray matter volume, prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, pain catastrophizing, somatosensory cortex, supplementary motor area, hippocampus, neuroplasticity, psychological intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Size, Pain Measurement, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult, Chronic Pain
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