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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Increases Prefrontal Cortex Gray Matter in Patients With Chronic Pain
Open accessAbstract
Unlabelled Several studies have reported reduced cerebral gray matter (GM) volume or density in chronic pain conditions, but there is limited research on the plasticity of the human cortex in response to psychological interventions. We investigated GM changes after cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) in patients with chronic pain. We used voxel-based morphometry to compare anatomic magnetic resonance imaging scans of 13 patients with mixed chronic pain types before and after an 11-week CBT treatment and to 13 healthy control participants. CBT led to significant improvements in clinical measures. Patients did not differ from healthy controls in GM anywhere in the brain. After treatment, patients had increased GM in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal, posterior parietal, subgenual anterior cingulate/orbitofrontal, and sensorimotor cortices, as well as hippocampus, and reduced GM in supplementary motor area. In most of these areas showing GM increases, GM became significantly higher than in controls. Decreased pain catastrophizing was associated with increased GM in the left dorsolateral prefrontal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortices, right posterior parietal cortex, somatosensory cortex, and pregenual anterior cingulate cortex. Although future studies with additional control groups will be needed to determine the specific roles of CBT on GM and brain function, we propose that increased GM in the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices reflects greater top-down control over pain and cognitive reappraisal of pain, and that changes in somatosensory cortices reflect alterations in the perception of noxious signals.Perspective An 11-week CBT intervention for coping with chronic pain resulted in increased GM volume in prefrontal and somatosensory brain regions, as well as increased dorsolateral prefrontal volume associated with reduced pain catastrophizing. These results add to mounting evidence that CBT can be a valuable treatment option for chronic pain.
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“Notably there was increased functional connectivity between the DLPFC and the periaqueductal gray – an opioid rich brainstem region involved in descending pain modulation91”
From The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
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“Another study investigating the neural underpinnings of effective pain management with cognitive behavioral training in a mixed chronic pain population reported increased left DLPFC GMV, which correlated with reduction in pain catastrophizing91”
From The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in acute and chronic pain (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
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“Increased gray matter in prefrontal and parietal brain regions linked with chronic pain, was also observed after cognitive-behavioral therapy, being associated with a decrease in pain catastrophizing.(95)”
BackgroundPrefrontal Structure Varies as a Function of Pain Symptoms in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
van der Schaaf, M. E., de Lange, F. P., Schmits, I. C., Geurts, D. E. M., Karin Roelofs, A., van der Meer, J. W. M., Toni, I., & Knoop, H. (2016) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.07.016 · Cited by 40
“Global GMV was added as a nuisance regressor in the comparison of DLPFC GMV. Levene’s test revealed that the homogeneity of variance assumption was violated for CIS-fatigue, BDI, Short Form 36, and pain.”
InfluentialCognitive behavioral training reverses the effect of pain exposure on brain network activity
Kucyi, A., Salomons, T. V., & Davis, K. D. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000592 · Cited by 39
“Jensen et al. [22] found enhanced pain-evoked vlPFC activation and functional connectivity with the thalamus due to CBT. Seminowicz et al. [42] showed increased gray matter volume following CBT in several regions spanning association (e.g. prefrontal) and sensory (S1/S2) cortices.”
Meeus, M. (2017) · Pain Physician · doi:10.36076/ppj.2017.154 · Cited by 40
“The CBT studies found associations with pain coping/management (29), anxiety (32), catastrophizing, and pain control (34).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialChristensen, K. S., O’Sullivan, K., & Palsson, T. S. (2020) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000878 · Cited by 39
Pain in the joints and beyond; the challenge of rheumatoid arthritis
Taylor, P. C. (2023) · The Lancet Rheumatology · doi:10.1016/s2665-9913(23)00094-2 · Cited by 41
Nonpharmacological Interventions in Targeting Pain-Related Brain Plasticity
Tajerian, M., & Clark, J. D. (2017) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2017/2038573 · Cited by 38
Molecular, circuit, and anatomical changes in the prefrontal cortex in chronic pain
Shiers, S. I., & Price, T. J. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001897 · Cited by 40
Advances in targeting central sensitization and brain plasticity in chronic pain
Bazzari, A. H., & Bazzari, F. H. (2022) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-022-00472-y · Cited by 40
“In addition, chronic pain is associated with reduced grey matter volume of the prefrontal cortex [154] while CBT intervention causes increased grey matter volume in various cortical regions, and the volume increase in the prefrontal and somatosensory cortices is associated with reduced catastrophizing [155].”
BackgroundLi, W., Wang, P., & Li, H. (2014) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.038 · Cited by 37
A longitudinal study of pain, personality, and brain plasticity following peripheral nerve injury
Goswami, R., Anastakis, D. J., Katz, J. D., & Davis, K. D. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000430 · Cited by 41
Bunk, S. F., Preis, L., Zuidema, S. U., Lautenbacher, S., & Miriam Kunz, A. (2019) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000264 · Cited by 41
“The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex is involved in the ability to cope with pain (Gracely et al., 2004; Seminowicz & Davis, 2006; Seminowicz et al., 2013).”
BackgroundBrazenor, G. A., Malham, G. M., & Teddy, P. J. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab319 · Cited by 37
Psychological Treatment for Chronic Pain: Improving Access and Integration
Darnall, B. D. (2021) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/15291006211033612 · Cited by 39
Fan, X., Fu, S., Liu, F., Cui, S., Yi, M., & Wan, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnmol.2018.00085 · Cited by 36
“Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, deep brain stimulation, cognitive-behavioral therapy or other therapies can lead abnormal function of prefrontal cortex to stable or normal state (Fierro et al., 2010; Seminowicz et al., 2013; Boccard et al., 2015), thus relieves the aggravated nociceptive responses in pat…”
BackgroundPain Neuroimaging in Humans: A Primer for Beginners and Non-Imagers
Moayedi, M., Salomons, T. V., & Atlas, L. Y. (2018) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.03.011 · Cited by 38
McCrae, C. S., Mundt, J. M., Curtis, A. F., Craggs, J. G., O’Shea, A. M., Staud, R. M., Berry, R. B., Perlstein, W. M., & Robinson, M. E. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.7344 · Cited by 39
“24 In this pilot study, we sought to investigate whether individuals with FM and comorbid insomnia (FMI) showed changes in cortical thickness after receiving cognitive behavioral therapy for pain (CBT-P) or insomnia (CBT-I).”
InfluentialChildhood Trauma, Emotion Regulation, and Pain in Individuals With Alcohol Use Disorder
Zaorska, J., Kopera, M., Trucco, E. M., Suszek, H., Kobyliński, P., & Jakubczyk, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.554150 · Cited by 39
“(90) found that an 11-week Cognitive– Behavioral Therapy (CBT) program for patients with chronic pain promoted an increase in graymatter volume in brain regions that are also associated with pain and emotions (i.”
BackgroundFear and Reward Circuit Alterations in Pediatric CRPS
Simons, L. E., Erpelding, N., Hernandez, J. M., Serrano, P. V., Zhang, K., Lebel, A., Sethna, N. F., Berde, C. B., Prabhu, S. P., Becerra, L. R., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00703 · Cited by 35
“Another study showed that greater dlPFC volume has been linked to decreased pain catastrophizing after cognitive-behavioral treatment (Seminowicz et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAccelerated brain aging in chronic low back pain
Yu, G. Z., Ly, M. J., Karim, H. T., Muppidi, N., Aizenstein, H. J., & Ibinson, J. W. (2021) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147263 · Cited by 33
Mariano, T. Y., Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., Garnaat, S. L., Rasmussen, S. A., & Greenberg, B. D. (2015) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnv042 · Cited by 33
Evaluation of Chronic Pain Using Magnetic Resonance (MR) Neuroimaging Approaches
Kumbhare, D. A., Elzibak, A. H., & Noseworthy, M. D. (2016) · Clinical Journal of Pain · doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000415 · Cited by 33
Goodlev, E. R., DiScala, S., Darnall, B. D., Hanson, M., Petok, A., & Silverman, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Palliative Medicine · doi:10.1089/jpm.2019.0171 · Cited by 33
“44 Importantly, pain-CBT’s focus on reframing maladaptive thoughts—such as a firm belief that pain always signifies progression or recurrence of cancer—makes it a valuable tool for the management of patients in survivorship, especially those who have exhibited spiritual distress or anxiety…”
Connectome‐based prediction of craving for gaming in internet gaming disorder
Zhou, W., Wang, Y., Wang, M., Wang, Z., Zheng, H., Wang, M., Potenza, M. N., & Dong, G. (2021) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.13076 · Cited by 32
“The SMA is included in the salience network, which regulates the function of other networks when rapid changes in behaviour are required, such as when quickly manipulating the keyboard while playing games.(37) Furthermore, as a key node of executive control, it is connected with the prefrontal lobe(38) and linked to i…”
BackgroundD’Aiuto, C., Gamm, S., Grenier, S., & Vasiliadis, H. (2021) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnab213 · Cited by 31
Fariello, J. Y., & Moldwin, R. (2015) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.10.09 · Cited by 31
“Numerous studies have shown that CBT increases perceived control in patients with chronic pain by reducing pain, helplessness and psychological distress (50 - 54).”
BackgroundPedler, A. R., Kamper, S. J., & Sterling, M. M. (2016) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000564 · Cited by 31
Greenwald, J. D., & Shafritz, K. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnint.2018.00018 · Cited by 35
“In addition, reduced gray matter density in dlPFC correlates with increased pain severity, while increased dlPFC thickness following surgery or other intervention procedures correlates with a reduction in reported pain (Apkarian et al., 2004; Seminowicz et al., 2011).”
BackgroundThe potential role of behavioral therapies in the management of centrally mediated abdominal pain
Keefer, L., & Mandal, S. (2014) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12474 · Cited by 33
den Hollander, M., Smeets, R. J. E. M., van Meulenbroek, T., van Laake-Geelen, C. C. M., Baadjou, V. A., & Timmers, I. (2022) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/pzab270 · Cited by 30
Touche, R. L., Paris‐Alemany, A., Gil‐Martínez, A., Pardo-Montero, J., Angulo, S., & Fernández‐Carnero, J. (2015) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-015-0500-1 · Cited by 30
“Furthermore, it has been found that it causes neuroplastic adaptive changes associated with decreased pain catastrophism in cases of chronic pain [112].”
Cunningham, N. R., Kashikar‐Zuck, S., & Coghill, R. C. (2019) · PAIN Reports · doi:10.1097/pr9.0000000000000767 · Cited by 30
Čeko, M., Baeuerle, T., Webster, L. R., Wager, T. D., & Lumley, M. A. (2024) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003198 · Cited by 28
Thorn, B. E. (2020) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001839 · Cited by 30
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Powers, A. D., Madan, A., Hilbert, M. L. T., Reeves, S. T., George, M. S., Nash, M. R., & Borckardt, J. J. (2017) · Pain Medicine · doi:10.1093/pm/pnx098 · Cited by 28
Metadata
- Authors
- Seminowicz, D. A., Shpaner, M., Keaser, M. L., Krauthamer, G. M., Mantegna, J., Dumas, J. A., Newhouse, P. A., Filippi, C. G., Keefe, F. J., & Naylor, M. R.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, Baltimore (US)
- University of Vermont (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Naylor, Magdalena R.
- Venue
- The Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-12
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1573-1584
- ISSN
- 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3874446
- OpenAlex
- W2081653089
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 9
- FWCI
- 21.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Centre d'Imagerie BioMédicale
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01AR059674, R01AR052131, R21AR055716)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- cognitive behavioral therapy, chronic pain, gray matter volume, prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, posterior parietal cortex, pain catastrophizing, somatosensory cortex, supplementary motor area, hippocampus, neuroplasticity, psychological intervention
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Organ Size, Pain Measurement, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult, Chronic Pain
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