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Development and Validation of a Daily Pain Catastrophizing Scale
Open accessAbstract
To date, there is no validated measure for pain catastrophizing at the daily level. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is widely used to measure trait pain catastrophizing. We sought to develop and validate a brief, daily version of the PCS for use in daily diary studies to facilitate research on mechanisms of catastrophizing treatment, individual differences in self-regulation, and to reveal the nuanced relationships between catastrophizing, correlates, and pain outcomes. After adapting the PCS for daily use, we evaluated the resulting 14 items using 3 rounds of cognitive interviews with 30 adults with chronic pain. We refined and tested the final daily PCS in 3 independent, prospective, cross-sectional, observational validation studies conducted in a combined total of 519 adults with chronic pain who completed online measures daily for 14 consecutive days. For study 1 (N = 131), exploratory factor analysis revealed adequate fit and-unexpectedly-unidimensionality for item responses to the daily PCS. Study 2 (N = 177) correlations indicated adequate association with related constructs (anger, anxiety, pain intensity, depression). Similarly, results for study 3 (N = 211) revealed expected correlations for daily PCS and measures of daily constructs including physical activity, sleep, energy level, and positive affect. Results from complex/multilevel confirmatory factor analysis confirmed good fit to a unidimensional model. Scores on the daily PCS were statistically comparable with and more parsimonious than the full 14-item version. Next steps include evaluation of score validity in populations with medical diagnoses, greater demographic diversity, and in patients with acute pain.Perspective This article describes the development and validation of a daily PCS. This daily measure may facilitate research that aims to characterize pain mechanisms, individual differences in self-regulation, adaptation, and nuanced relationships between catastrophizing, correlates, and pain outcomes.
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“pain catastrophising item are based on the Pain Catastrophising Scale,64”
From Development, evaluation and implementation of a digital behavioural health treatment for chronic pain: study protocol of the multiphase DAHLIA project (2022) · cites this paper as [64]
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“PedMIDAS, Pediatric Migraine Disability Assessment; STAI-C, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children; CDI, Children’s Disability Inventory; PCS, Pain Catastrophizing Scale.”
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“A higher score represents a higher level of pain catastrophising [43].”
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“The PCS is a widely used tool to measure trait pain catastrophizing and assess pain-related thoughts before, during, or after a painful event [19].”
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“The total PCS scores range from 0 to 52, with a cut-off value ≧30 indicating clinical significance.(18,19)”
BackgroundLanssens, D., Vandenberk, T., Storms, V., Thijs, I. M. V., Grieten, L., Bamelis, L. L. M., Gyselaers, W., Tang, E., & Luyten, P. (2023) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/42686 · Cited by 3
“This is in line with the reported stability of catastrophizing over time during a normative pregnancy [40].”
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“Second, employing validated questionnaires (eg, Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia 76 and Pain Catastrophizing Scale 77 ) can provide a structured approach to identify areas of concern and allow an avenue to seek assistance from mental health professionals, when necessary.”
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Development and validation of a daily Injustice Experience Questionnaire
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BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationPain Catastrophizing and Impact on Pelvic Floor Surgery Experience
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“Pain catastrophizing was measured using the pain catastrophizing scale, which consists of 13 items assessing catastrophic thinking related to pain [14].”
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“The pain catastrophizing scale (PCS) consists of 13 selfreported items that measure pain-related catastrophizing phenomena in the context of actual or anticipated pain (16).”
BackgroundGaddis, J. M., de Souza, R. B., Montanez, B., Nakonezny, P., Laboret, B., Bialaszewski, R., & Wells, J. E. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.52461 · Cited by 2
“A PCS score of ≥30 is indicative of clinically relevant pain that is catastrophizing [15].”
BackgroundMethodPain catastrophizing and fear of movement: detection and intervention
Paré, C., & Sullivan, M. J. L. (2022) · doi:10.1002/9781119701170.ch27 · Cited by 2
Self-citationHaun, J. N., Fowler, C. A., Smith, B. M., Cao, L., Stroupe, K. T., Lapcevic, W. A., Saenger, M. S., Benzinger, R. C., & French, D. D. (2024) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-024-10816-4 · Cited by 2
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“The PCS measured patient-perceived pain catastrophizing using a 13-item scale; scores (cid:2) 30 are considered clinically signi fi cant [27].”
Predictors of Immune Fitness and the Alcohol Hangover: Survey Data from UK and Irish Adults
Verster, J. C., Merlo, A., Zijlstra, M. N., van der Weij, B. R. C., Boogaard, A. S., Schulz, S., Balikji, J., Kim, A. J., Stewart, S. H., Sherry, S. B., et al. (2025) · Data · doi:10.3390/data10040049 · Cited by 1
“The 3-item short-form Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCQ) [48] was completed to assess to what extent participants recall pain experiences in more exaggerated terms, feel helpless when experiencing pain, and/or ruminate over painful events (Section 11 of the survey).”
InfluentialSimionescu, A. A., Costan, V. V., Panaite, T., Grădinariu, A. I., Jehac, A., Armencia, A. O., Balcoș, C. A. M., & Zetu, I. N. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61091598 · Cited by 1
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InfluentialHespe, G. E., Saunders, M. N., Hamill, J. B., Heidenreich, K. N., Yosef, M., Khalatbari, S. H., Kennedy, S. H., Agarwal, S., & Brown, D. L. (2025) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000012641 · Cited by 1
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“A daily version of the PCS has been introduced (Darnall et al. 2017).”
Cognitive, Emotional, and Social Factors in the Modulation of Pain Perception
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“39,40 Lastly, the coping model describes catastrophization as a short-term coping strategy.”
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PaiNEd app. Assessing central sensitization in survivors of breast cancer: A reliability study
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“Additionally, the 3-item Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) was completed, including items on rumination, magnification, and helplessness [13].”
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“► Type 2: Veterans who attended multiple VHI Well-ness Clinic appointments but were discharged due to no-shows.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Darnall, B. D., Sturgeon, J. A., Cook, K. F., Taub, C. J., Roy, A., Burns, J. W., Sullivan, M., & Mackey, S. C.
- Affiliations
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Rush University (US)
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Darnall, Beth D.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Pain
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 18
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1139-1149
- ISSN
- 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5581222
- OpenAlex
- W2614350387
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 4.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA029262, K24DA053564, T32DA035165, HHSN271201200728P)
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (P01AT006651, R01AT008561)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
- Keywords
- pain catastrophizing, chronic pain, scale development, cognitive interviewing, unidimensionality, factor structure, self-regulation, pain mechanisms, pain intensity, sleep, physical activity, positive affect
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Delphi Technique, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Medical Records, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Time Factors, Qualitative Research, Multilevel Analysis, Catastrophization, Chronic Pain
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