Cited by 265Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitationPediatric Pain Management TechniquesPain Management and Placebo Effect

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Development and Validation of a Daily Pain Catastrophizing Scale

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Darnall, Beth D., Sturgeon, John A., Cook, Karon F., Taub, Chloe J., Roy, Anuradha, Burns, John W., Sullivan, Michael, Mackey, Sean C.·2017·The Journal of Pain

DOI 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.05.003PMC PMC5581222

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Abstract

To date, there is no validated measure for pain catastrophizing at the daily level. The Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) is widely used to measure trait pain catastrophizing. We sought to develop and validate a brief, daily version of the PCS for use in daily diary studies to facilitate research on mechanisms of catastrophizing treatment, individual differences in self-regulation, and to reveal the nuanced relationships between catastrophizing, correlates, and pain outcomes. After adapting the PCS for daily use, we evaluated the resulting 14 items using 3 rounds of cognitive interviews with 30 adults with chronic pain. We refined and tested the final daily PCS in 3 independent, prospective, cross-sectional, observational validation studies conducted in a combined total of 519 adults with chronic pain who completed online measures daily for 14 consecutive days. For study 1 (N = 131), exploratory factor analysis revealed adequate fit and-unexpectedly-unidimensionality for item responses to the daily PCS. Study 2 (N = 177) correlations indicated adequate association with related constructs (anger, anxiety, pain intensity, depression). Similarly, results for study 3 (N = 211) revealed expected correlations for daily PCS and measures of daily constructs including physical activity, sleep, energy level, and positive affect. Results from complex/multilevel confirmatory factor analysis confirmed good fit to a unidimensional model. Scores on the daily PCS were statistically comparable with and more parsimonious than the full 14-item version. Next steps include evaluation of score validity in populations with medical diagnoses, greater demographic diversity, and in patients with acute pain.Perspective This article describes the development and validation of a daily PCS. This daily measure may facilitate research that aims to characterize pain mechanisms, individual differences in self-regulation, adaptation, and nuanced relationships between catastrophizing, correlates, and pain outcomes.

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Wang, J., Fan, C., Zhang, W., Zhang, Y., & Li, T. (2026) · BMC Surgery · doi:10.1186/s12893-026-04075-9
“Preoperative psychological status was assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) [16] and Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) [17].”
Pain state-dependent multimodal assessment in non-specific low back pain: a pseudorandomized study design with implementation insightsPreprint
Barrientos, B. C., Hau, M., Sirucek, L., Langenfeld, A., Wirth, B., Wirth, B., Zoelch, N., Deván, J., Dudli, S., & Schweinhardt, P. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.08.26.26359760
Momentary associations of parent psychological factors, perceived child pain, and home opioid administration for postoperative pain management
Stone, A. L., Rogers, A. H., Hoang, A. H., Longo, J., Garber, J., Werkhaven, J. A., Whigham, A. S., & Bruehl, S. P. (2026) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000004093
“17 The items chosen were the analogue of the 3 items of the Pain Catastrophizing Scale previously validated as a 3-item daily composite in adults with chronic pain 12 and represented each of the 3 primary components of PC: rumination (ie, “I keep thinking about how much my child hurts.”)”
Neurophysiological Correlates of Pain‐Related Cognitive–Affective Dysregulation in Adolescent Depression
Li, H., Wen, Y., Cheng, W., Zhuang, L., & 刘志芬 (2026) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70421
How Affective States Moderate the Relationship of Pain Catastrophizing With Pain Severity in Patients With Acute and Chronic Pain
Kuper, Q. T. Y., Willemen, J. E., Lousberg, R., Severeijns, R. J. M., van Amelsvoort, T. A. M. J., & Balthasar, A. J. R. (2026) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.71820
Nutritional status, inflammatory burden, and CT-derived muscle phenotypes for predicting chronic postsurgical pain after total hip arthroplasty: an explainable machine learning study
Jia, X., Han, X., Cui, X., Zhao, Y., Zhang, Y., & Xu, K. (2026) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2026.1958865
“Anxiety and depression were evaluated using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, whereas pain catastrophizing was assessed using the Short-Form Pain Catastrophizing Scale (SF-PCS) (21, 22).”
Validity and reliability of the Turkish versions of the pain catastrophizing scale and Tampa kinesiophobia scale short forms in chronic musculoskeletal pain
Mirza, Y., & Koç, M. (2026) · Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/10538127261500816

Authors: Darnall, B. D., Sturgeon, J. A., Cook, K. F., Taub, C. J., Roy, A., Burns, J. W., Sullivan, M., & Mackey, S. C.
Affiliations: Stanford Medicine (US)
Northwestern University (US)
Rush University (US)
The University of Queensland (AU)
Corresponding author: Darnall, Beth D.
ORCID: Darnall, Beth D.
Sturgeon, John A.
Cook, Karon F.
Taub, Chloe J.
Roy, Anuradha
Burns, John W.
Sullivan, Michael
Mackey, Sean C.
Venue: The Journal of Pain
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2017-09
Volume: 18
Issue: 9
Pages: 1139-1149
ISSN: 1526-5900 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2017.05.003
PMC: PMC5581222
OpenAlex: W2614350387
Cited by: 264
References: 35
Citations by year: 2026: 36 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 1
FWCI: 4.77
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 2201 d)
Locations: Journal of Pain (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (K24DA029262, K24DA053564, T32DA035165, HHSN271201200728P)
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (P01AT006651, R01AT008561)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Pain Management and Placebo Effect
Keywords: pain catastrophizing, chronic pain, scale development, cognitive interviewing, unidimensionality, factor structure, self-regulation, pain mechanisms, pain intensity, sleep, physical activity, positive affect
MeSH terms: Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Delphi Technique, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Male, Medical Records, Middle Aged, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychometrics, Time Factors, Qualitative Research, Multilevel Analysis, Catastrophization, Chronic Pain

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Development and Validation of a Daily Pain Catastrophizing Scale

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