The DOI matches its Crossref record; 89 of the 89 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Social fear and social phobia types among community youth: Differential clinical features and vulnerability factors
Abstract
Objective To compare different social fears and social phobia subtypes with regard to clinical (age of onset, avoidance, impairment, comorbidities) and vulnerability factors (behavioural inhibition (BI), parental psychopathology and parental rearing) among community youth.Methods Fears of 6 social situations and Social Phobia (SP), along with their clinical features, were assessed using the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview (DIA-X/M-CIDI) in a population-based sample of N = 3021 14-24 year olds that were followed up for 10 years. BI and parental rearing were assessed using self-report questionnaires. Parental psychopathology was assessed directly in parents via DIA-X/M-CIDI, supplemented by offsprings' family history reports.Results In the total sample, 20.0%, 11.6%, 11.7% reported fear of 1, 2, 3 or more social situations, respectively; rates were 24.2%, 18.7%, and 57.1% in SP-cases (6.6% of the total sample). Exploring the factorial structure indicated rather unidimensionality of social fears than mutual distinction of social fears by interaction vs. performance situations. Except for fear of taking tests and public speaking, social fears rarely occurred in isolation. Social fears of both interaction and performance situations were associated with severe avoidance (vs. fear of either situation; Odds Ratios, OR = 1.5, 95%CI: 1.1-1.9) and impairment (OR = 3.6, 95%CI: 2.6-4.9), and more comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders (OR range 3.2-5.8, p > .001). Fear of interaction situations was associated with higher BI (vs. performance-related fears, OR range 1.2-2.1, p < .05). Associations with parental psychopathology and unfavourable parental rearing were less consistent, albeit stronger for fear of interaction situations (vs. performance-related fears). Interactions with time indicated an earlier onset of SP for higher BI, but not for parental psychopathology or unfavourable parental rearing.Conclusions Interaction-related social fears differ in their clinical and vulnerability factors from performance-related social fears. The current DSM-IV specifier of "generalized" SP may fall short of adequately denoting these differences. Fear of taking tests appears to be conceptually and, possibly, etiologically distinct from other social fears, and may be better placed in another category (e.g., as a type of specific phobia).
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“This value is slightly higher than data from previous studies that considered similar age groups (e.g., [15,37,38]) and it is much higher than a previous work using a Portuguese adolescent sample [27].”
From The Prevalence of Adolescent Social Fears and Social Anxiety Disorder in School Contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“As such, studies conducted in Eastern countries [48] and Western countries [37] showed disparate prevalence rates, concluding that Eastern societies tend to report lower estimated rates of SAD.”
From The Prevalence of Adolescent Social Fears and Social Anxiety Disorder in School Contexts (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Knappe, S., Beesdo-Baum, K., Fehm, L., Stein, M. B., Lieb, R., & Wittchen, H.-U.
- Affiliations
- Technische Universität Dresden (DE)
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin (DE)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University of Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Knappe, Susanne
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 111-120
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2100299944
- Cited by
- 113
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (LA1148/1-1, WI 709/7-1, WI 709/8-1, WI2246/1-1)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01EB 9901/6, 01EB0140, 01EB0440, 01EB9405/6, EB01016200)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Keywords
- social anxiety disorder, social fear, social anxiety, behavioral inhibition, parental psychopathology, parenting, public speaking anxiety, avoidance, functional disability, comorbidities, age of onset, vulnerability factors, youth, community sample, longitudinal follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Fear, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Interpersonal Relations, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Parents, Phobic Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Surveys and Questionnaires, Residence Characteristics, Risk Factors, Logistic Models, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
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