Parental Psychopathology, Parenting Styles, and the Risk of Social Phobia in Offspring: A Prospective-Longitudinal Community Study

Lieb, Roselind; Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich; Höfler, Michael; Fuetsch, Martina; Stein, Murray B.; Merikangas, Kathleen R.

doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.859

Cited by 502Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentAnxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive ProcessesMaternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum

Parental Psychopathology, Parenting Styles, and the Risk of Social Phobia in Offspring: A Prospective-Longitudinal Community Study

Lieb, Roselind, Wittchen, Hans-Ulrich, Höfler, Michael, Fuetsch, Martina, Stein, Murray B., Merikangas, Kathleen R.·2000·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.859

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: This article examines the associations between DSM-IV social phobia and parental psychopathology, parenting style, and characteristics of family functioning in a representative community sample of adolescents. METHODS: Findings are based on baseline and first follow-up data of 1047 adolescents aged 14 to 17 years at baseline (response rate, 74.3%), and independent diagnostic interviews with one of their parents. Diagnostic assessments in parents and adolescents were based on the DSM-IV algorithms of the Munich-Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Parenting style (rejection, emotional warmth, and overprotection) was assessed by the Questionnaire of Recalled Parental Rearing Behavior, and family functioning (problem solving, communication, roles, affective responsiveness, affective involvement, and behavioral control) was assessed by the McMaster Family Assessment Device. RESULTS: There was a strong association between parental social phobia and social phobia among offspring (odds ratio [OR], 4.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.6-13.5). Other forms of parental psychopathology also were associated with social phobia in adolescents (depression: OR, 3.6; 95% CI, 1.4-9.1; any anxiety disorder other than social phobia: OR, 3.5; 95% CI, 1.4-8.8; and any alcohol use disorder: OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 1.1-7.8). Parenting style, specifically parental overprotection (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0-1.9) and rejection (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.1-1.9), was found to be associated with social phobia in respondents. Family functioning was not associated with respondents' social phobia. CONCLUSIONS: Data suggest that parental psychopathology, particularly social phobia and depression, and perceived parenting style (overprotection and rejection) are both associated with the development of social phobia in youth.

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Specific phobias are among the most commonly occurring disorders across the lifespan and are one of the earliest to onset.
“Speci fi c phobias (SP) are among the most commonly occurring disorders across the lifespan and are one of the earliest to onset (Lieb et al., 2000; Steinhausen et al., 2016)”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Lieb et al., 2000
Specific phobias set early in life, have a chronic course, and predict development of additional mental health concerns later in life.
“Speci fi c phobias set early in life, have a chronic course, and predict development of additional mental health concerns later in life; however, little is currently known about the origins of speci fi c phobias in young children aged 3 -6 years.”
From Specific Phobia in Young Children: Associations between the Origins of Fear and Clinical Expression of Phobia Symptoms. (2025) · cites this paper as Lieb et al., 2000
Parental overprotection was found to be associated with social phobia.
“Parental overprotection was found to be associated with social phobia.”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Lieb et al. (2000)
No studies found reduced anxiety following overprotective parenting.
“No studies found reduced anxiety following overprotective parenting (Lieb et al., 2000; Overbeek et al., 2007; Heider et al., 2008; Knappe et al., 2012).”
From A Systematic Review of “Helicopter Parenting” and Its Relationship With Anxiety and Depression (2022) · cites this paper as Lieb et al., 2000

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Authors: Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.-U., Höfler, M., Fuetsch, M., Stein, M. B., & Merikangas, K. R.
Affiliations: Max Planck Society (DE)
Yale University (US)
ORCID: Lieb, Roselind
Höfler, Michael
Stein, Murray B.
Merikangas, Kathleen R.
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2000-09-01
Volume: 57
Issue: 9
Pages: 859
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archpsyc.57.9.859
OpenAlex: W2008713917
Cited by: 501
References: 72
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 12.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: social anxiety disorder, parental psychopathology, parenting styles, overprotection, parental rejection, family functioning, adolescent depression, anxiety disorders, alcoholism, offspring risk
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Family Relations, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Phobic Disorders, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Comorbidity, Child of Impaired Parents, Parenting, Age of Onset

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Parental Psychopathology, Parenting Styles, and the Risk of Social Phobia in Offspring: A Prospective-Longitudinal Community Study

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