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Treating trichotillomania: A meta-analysis of treatment effects and moderators for behavior therapy and serotonin reuptake inhibitors
Open accessAbstract
Few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) exist examining the efficacy of behavior therapy (BT) or serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) for the treatment of trichotillomania (TTM), with no examination of treatment moderators. The present meta-analysis synthesized the treatment effect sizes (ES) of BT and SRI relative to comparison conditions, and examined moderators of treatment. A comprehensive literature search identified 11 RCTs that met inclusion criteria. Clinical characteristics (e.g., age, comorbidity, therapeutic contact hours), outcome measures, treatment subtypes (e.g., SRI subtype, BT subtype), and ES data were extracted. The standardized mean difference of change in hair pulling severity was the outcome measure. A random effects meta-analysis found a large pooled ES for BT (ES = 1.41, p < 0.001). BT trials with greater therapeutic contact hours exhibited larger ES (p = 0.009). Additionally, BT trials that used mood enhanced therapeutic techniques exhibited greater ES relative to trials including only traditional BT components (p = 0.004). For SRI trials, a random effects meta-analysis identified a moderate pooled ES (ES = 0.41, p = 0.02). Although clomipramine exhibited larger ES relative to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, the difference was not statistically significant. Publication bias was not identified for either treatment. BT yields large treatment effects for TTM, with further examination needed to disentangle confounded treatment moderators. SRI trials exhibited a moderate pooled ES, with no treatment moderators identified. Sensitivity analyses highlighted the need for further RCTs of SRIs, especially among youth with TTM.
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“Generally, habit reversal training is considered the first line treatment for trichotillomania, with meta-analytic evidence supporting its efficacy (Bate et al., 2011; McGuire et al., 2014).”
From The role of psychological flexibility in acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy for trichotillomania: Moderation and mediation findings (2023) · cites this paper as McGuire et al., 2014
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“For example, McGuire et al. (2014) reported significantly larger effect sizes with more therapeutic contact hours and when habit reversal training was combined with emotional components (compared to “pure” habit reversal training).”
From The role of psychological flexibility in acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy for trichotillomania: Moderation and mediation findings (2023) · cites this paper as McGuire et al., 2014
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“No significant associations were found between age or comorbid anxiety and depressive disorders and treatment effect size (McGuire et al., 2014).”
From The role of psychological flexibility in acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy for trichotillomania: Moderation and mediation findings (2023) · cites this paper as McGuire et al., 2014
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“However, both variables were correlated, confounding independent moderating effects.”
From The role of psychological flexibility in acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy for trichotillomania: Moderation and mediation findings (2023) · cites this paper as McGuire et al., 2014
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Citations
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Method
Cited by
Sorted by citations
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“…specific types of therapeutic interventions (Ban-delow et al., 2017; Piacentini et al., 2011) and/or intervention durations (Chong et al., 2022; Herbert et al., 2004; McGuire et al., 2014, 2015) have been found to correspond with greater treatment effects in clinical trials and meta-analyses.”
Self-citationAbnormal perceptual sensitivity in body-focused repetitive behaviors
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“A meta-analysis also showed the poor efficacy of SSRIs in the treatment of TTM (McGuire et al., 2014).”
MethodTrichotillomania and Skin-Picking Disorder: An Update
Grant, J. E., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2021) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.20210013 · Cited by 49
Defining treatment response in trichotillomania: a signal detection analysis
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“Given that meta-analyses have consistently shown that drug treatments of TTM are less effective than behavioral treatments (Bloch et al., 2007 and McGuire et al., 2014), this might be considered a minor limitation.”
Emotion regulation in individuals with and without trichotillomania
Arabatzoudis, T., Rehm, I. C., Nedeljkovic, M., & Moulding, R. (2017) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.01.003 · Cited by 48
Tomas-Aragones, L., Consoli, S., Consoli, S.-G., Poot, F., Taube, K., Linder, M. D., Jemec, G., Szepietowski, J., de Korte, J., Lvov, A., et al. (2017) · Acta Dermato-Venereologica · doi:10.2340/00015555-2522 · Cited by 40
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Haaland, Å., Eskeland, S. O., Moen, E. M., Vogel, P. A., Haseth, S., Mellingen, K., Himle, J. A., Woods, D. W., & Hummelen, B. (2017) · Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jocrd.2017.01.005 · Cited by 25
“Behavioral therapy (BT) is the intervention with strongest evidence of efficacy for adults and children suffering from TTM (Bloch et al., 2007, Franklin et al., 2011, McGuire et al., 2014, Snorrason et al., 2015).”
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“The results for the participants with SPD are in line with previous meta‐analyses (Schumer et al., 2016; Selles et al., 2016), whereas the effect size of the primary outcome measure for TTM is somewhat lower than in prior studies (McGuire et al., 2014; Slikboer et al., 2017).”
ResultLee, M. T., Mpavaenda, D. N., & Fineberg, N. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00079 · Cited by 40
“Meta-Analyses In addition to the individual RCTs, two meta-analyses were identified by the literature search (Bloch et al., 2007; McGuire et al., 2014).”
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Falkenstein, M. J., Mouton‐Odum, S., Mansueto, C. S., Golomb, R. G., & Haaga, D. A. F. (2015) · Behavior Modification · doi:10.1177/0145445515616369 · Cited by 41
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Gallinat, C., Moessner, M., Haenssle, H. A., Winkler, J. K., Backenstrass, M., & Bauer, S. (2019) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/15011 · Cited by 38
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“Currently, HRT is commonly used to treat adults with TTM, as well as tics and other habit disorders such as nail biting and skin picking (Bate et al. 2011; McGuire et al. 2014a).”
InfluentialSelf-citationTrichotillomania (hair pulling disorder)
Grant, J. (2019) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_529_18 · Cited by 35
“Finally, serotonin reuptake inhibitors are frequently prescribed for the treatment of trichotillomania, but meta-analyses have shown that only clomipramine appears to be effective and that the effect is relatively small.[34,38]”
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“In adults with TTM, McGuire et al. (2014) found that the inclusion of mood-related components (i.e., CBT vs. behavior therapy), as well as increased number of treatment sessions significantly increased the effectiveness of behavior therapy.”
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“This analysis has contributed to the literature by examining subgroups based on the nature of the control group rather than the treatment group, such as was done by McGuire et al. (2014).”
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“HRT has been found to be moderately effective in studies of trichotillomania (Rothbart et al., 2013; McGuire et al., 2014) and may also produce bene fi t in skin-picking disorder (Grant et al., 2012) and tic disorders such as Tourette ’ s syndrome (Deckersbach et al., 2014).”
N‐Acetylcysteine in the treatment of trichotillomania: remarkable results in two patients
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“These results are in line with those of RCTs for adult TTM, as metaanalyses suggest behavioral therapy is the first-line intervention for the management of TTM, while there is no clear first-line pharmacological treatment (Bloch et al. 2007; McGuire et al. 2014).”
ResultSelf-citationPsychopharmacology in dermatology: Five common disorders
Ha, E. L., & Magid, M. (2023) · Clinics in Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2023.03.010 · Cited by 10
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Self-citationSelf-help for body-focused repetitive behaviors: A randomized controlled trial
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“Empirically supported interventions for TTM include cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and pharmacotherapy (McGuire et al., 2014; Bloch et al., 2007).”
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BackgroundTrichotillomania and Skin-Picking Disorder: Different Kinds of OCD
Grant, J., & Chamberlain, S. (2015) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.130212 · Cited by 9
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Psychosocial Treatment of Trichotillomania: A Review
Capel, L., Woolley, M. G., & Twohig, M. (2024) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2024.05.003 · Cited by 9
Trichotillomania Prevalence in an Arab Middle Eastern Population
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“Given the psychological and physical consequences of TTM and the existence of effective treatments for this disorder,[11] clinicians need to identify this condition, particularly when treating patients with OCD.”
BackgroundResultKar, S. K., Dixit, S., Agarwal, V., & Tripathi, A. (2020) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2020.101987 · Cited by 7
DSM-5 Trichotillomania: Perception of Adults with Trichotillomania After Psychosocial Treatment
Houghton, D., McFarland, C. S., Franklin, M., Twohig, M., Compton, S., Neal-Barnett, A., Saunders, S., & Woods, D. W. (2016) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2016.1144438 · Cited by 8
“Effective behavioral treatments for TTM exist (McGuire et al., 2014), but whether these brief interventions lead to observable improvements in appearance has yet to be determined.”
BackgroundElectroconvulsive therapy for trichotillomania in a bipolar patient
Fontenelle, L. F., dos Santos‐Ribeiro, S., Kalaf, J., & Yücel, M. (2019) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2019.83.1.97 · Cited by 7
Recent advances in trichotillomania: a narrative review
Christensen, R. E., Tan, I., & Jafferany, M. (2023) · Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina, Pannonica et Adriatica · doi:10.15570/actaapa.2023.28 · Cited by 6
Clinical Aspects of Hair Pulling, Skin Picking, and Nail Biting
Falkenstein, M. J. (2016) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-016-0096-3 · Cited by 5
Long-term follow-up of acceptance-enhanced behavior therapy for trichotillomania
Barber, K. E., Woods, D. W., Ely, L. J., Saunders, S. M., Compton, S. N., Neal-Barnett, A. M., Franklin, M. E., Capriotti, M. R., Conelea, C. A., & Twohig, M. P. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115767 · Cited by 8
Eskeland, S. O., Moen, E. M., & Hummelen, B. (2018) · Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening · doi:10.4045/tidsskr.17.0599 · Cited by 6
Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders
Goodman, W. K. (2014) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2014.06.005 · Cited by 6
Evaluation and Approach to Patients with Psychodermatoses
Mehta, H., & Narang, T. K. (2023) · Clinical Dermatology Review · doi:10.4103/cdr.cdr_3_22 · Cited by 5
Late development of OCD-like phenotypes in Dlgap1 knockout mice
Minagawa, K., Hayakawa, T., Akimoto, H., Nagashima, T., Takahashi, Y., & Asai, S. (2024) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-024-06668-9 · Cited by 6
“The responsiveness of trichotillomania patients to antidepressants is controversial (Johnson and El-Alfy 2016; Lochner et al. 2005 ; McGuire et al. 2014).”
Dramatic Improvement of Trichotillomania with 6 Months of Treatment With N-Acetylcysteine
Popova, L., & Mancuso, J. (2022) · Global Pediatric Health · doi:10.1177/2333794x221086576 · Cited by 4
Updates in Psychosomatic Medicine: 2014
Freudenreich, O., Huffman, J. C., Sharpe, M., Beach, S. R., Celano, C. M., Chwastiak, L., Cohen, M. A., Dickerman, A., Fitz-Gerald, M. J., Kontos, N. J., et al. (2015) · Psychosomatics · doi:10.1016/j.psym.2015.04.001 · Cited by 5
Review of Psychopharmacological Approaches for Trichotillomania and Other Body-Focused Behaviors
Grant, J. E. (2015) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-015-0058-1 · Cited by 5
Treating Trichotillomania (Hair‐Pulling Disorder) in a Child
Snorrason, Í., Walther, M. R., Elkin, T. D., & Woods, D. W. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22399 · Cited by 5
Lootens, C. M., & Nelson‐Gray, R. O. (2016) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650116649438 · Cited by 5
Selles, R. R., McBride, N. M., Dammann, J. E., Whiteside, S. P. H., Small, B. J., Phares, V., & Storch, E. A. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.039 · Cited by 5
Self-citationPsychocutaneous disorders in childhood and adolescence
Mohandas, P., Srinivasan, J., Ravenscroft, J., & Bewley, A. (2018) · Paediatrics and Child Health · doi:10.1016/j.paed.2018.10.004 · Cited by 4
Moritz, S., Weidinger, S., & Schmotz, S. (2023) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-023-09609-3 · Cited by 4
“Psychological treatments such as habit reversal training (HRT) show some efficacy (Flessner et al., 2008; Keuthen et al., 2012; McGuire et al., 2014; Woods et al., 2006).”
Self-Limited Kleptomania Symptoms as a Side Effect of Duloxetine
Miller, C. W. T., & Gallagher, K. E. (2016) · Case Reports in Psychiatry · doi:10.1155/2016/5472492 · Cited by 4
“Impulse control disorders (ICDs) have been described as a side effect of dopamine agonists, frequently used in neurodegenerative conditions affecting the nigrostriatal pathway.”
BackgroundInfluentialTrichotillomania in Children − How can a Dermatologist Deal with it?
Thakkar, S., & Desai, N. D. (2023) · Indian Journal of Paediatric Dermatology · doi:10.4103/ijpd.ijpd_104_22 · Cited by 3
Barber, K. E., Woods, D. W., Deckersbach, T., Bauer, C. C., Compton, S. N., Twohig, M., Ricketts, E., Robinson, J., Saunders, S. M., & Franklin, M. E. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104556 · Cited by 3
Ellington, E. E. (2017) · Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services · doi:10.3928/02793695-20170210-03 · Cited by 3
Trichotillomania: Case report of pharmacological treatment outcome with clomipramine
Mariusso, L. M., Costa, A. C. B., Canassa, T. C., Tanouye, A. T. D. A., & Porcu, M. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112663 · Cited by 3
StopPulling.com: Real-World Effectiveness of a Self-Guided Online Intervention for Trichotillomania
Barber, K. E., Woolley, M. G., Rogers, K., Hadlock, S., Woods, D. W., & Mouton‐Odum, S. (2025) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-025-10584-3 · Cited by 3
Impulskontrollstörungen, Verhaltenssüchte und körperbezogene Zwangserkrankungen
Turner, D., & Tüscher, O. (2022) · PSYCH up2date · doi:10.1055/a-1143-0096 · Cited by 3
Targeting the function of inner experiences in obsessive compulsive and related disorders
Twohig, M. P., & Smith, B. M. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2014.12.033 · Cited by 3
Habit Reversal to Decrease Filled Pauses in Public Speaking: A Partial Replication
Bördlein, C., & Sander, A. (2019) · Research on Social Work Practice · doi:10.1177/1049731519894663 · Cited by 4
“Its efficacy in treating nail biting, trichotillomania, stuttering and similar problems is well documented (Bate, Malouff, Thorsteinsson, & Bhullar, 2011; Bloch et al., 2007; Dufrene, Watson, & Kazmerski, 2008; McGuire et al., 2014; Miltenberger, Fuqua, & Woods, 1998).”
BackgroundMartins, G. G., Doche, I., Freitag, L. A., Miteva, M. I., & Damasco, P. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-13505-7_73 · Cited by 2
Usmani, A., Szkutak, A., & Keuthen, N. J. (2023) · Current clinical psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-29368-9_12 · Cited by 2
Bhat, R. R., Vellekkat, F., Goutama, I. L., Gill, P. S., Kakar, G., Jabeen, H., Gireesh, K., Sanker, V., & Gupta, U. (2023) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.7800 · Cited by 2
Tüscher, O., & Lieb, K. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-49295-6_78 · Cited by 2
Mouton‐Odum, S., & Houghton, D. C. (2018) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2018.82.4.288 · Cited by 2
Psychopharmacotherapy of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders
Hoffman, J., & Stein, D. J. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-62059-2_433 · Cited by 2
Review of Psychotherapeutic Approaches for OCD and Related Disorders
Mathes, B. M., Kirk, N. P. V., & Elias, J. A. (2015) · Current Treatment Options in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s40501-015-0052-7 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- McGuire, J. F., Ung, D., Selles, R. R., Rahman, O., Lewin, A. B., Murphy, T. K., & Storch, E. A.
- Affiliations
- University of South Florida (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- McGuire, Joseph F.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychiatric Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 58
- Pages
- 76-83
- ISSN
- 0022-3956 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4163503
- OpenAlex
- W2160932918
- Cited by
- 142
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 2.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Psychiatric Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH093381, R01MH093381)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- trichotillomania, hair pulling, behavior therapy, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, clomipramine, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, treatment moderators, treatment effect size, youth
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Behavior Therapy, Clomipramine, Female, Humans, Male, Trichotillomania, Reproducibility of Results, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Young Adult
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