When men and women differ in self-esteem and when they don’t: A meta-analysis
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For Self-esteem, all studies showed higher levels of general self-esteem for males (SMDs = 0.05-0.25).
“For Self-esteem, all studies showed higher levels of general self-esteem for males (SMDs = 0.05–0.25; Bleidorn et al., 2016; Kling et al., 1999; Zuckerman et al., 2016).”
From A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox (2025) · cites this paper as Zuckerman et al., 2016
Cites
Distribution Theory for Glass's Estimator of Effect Size and Related Estimators
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The Perceived Competence Scale for Children
Harter, S. (1982) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129640 · Cited by 3,639 · see citing works
The Quiet Revolution That Transformed Women's Employment, Education, and Family
Goldin, C. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282806777212350 · Cited by 1,831 · see citing works
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Campbell, O., Bann, D., & Patalay, P. (2020) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.12.20129312 · Cited by 484 · see citing works
Development of self-esteem from age 4 to 94 years: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
Orth, U., Erol, R. Y., & Luciano, E. C. (2018) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000161 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
The reality and evolutionary significance of human psychological sex differences
Archer, J. (2019) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/brv.12507 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Gender stereotypes can explain the gender-equality paradox
Breda, T., Jouini, E., Napp, C., & Thebault, G. (2020) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2008704117 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done?
Stewart-Williams, S., & Halsey, L. G. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/0890207020962326 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
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The Lifespan Self-Esteem Scale: Initial Validation of a New Measure of Global Self-Esteem
Harris, M. A., Donnellan, M. B., & Trzesniewski, K. H. (2018) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2016.1278380 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Fors Connolly, F., Goossen, M., & Hjerm, M. (2020) · Sex Roles · doi:10.1007/s11199-019-01097-x · Cited by 65 · see citing works
A Systematic Review and New Analyses of the Gender-Equality Paradox
Herlitz, A., Hönig, I., Hedebrant, K., & Asperholm, M. (2025) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/17456916231202685 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“…analyses (Bleidorn et al., 2016; Costa et al., 2001; Falk & Hermle, 2018; Giolla & Kajonius, 2019; Kaiser, 2019; Lippa, 2008; Schmitt et al., 2008; Zuckerman et al., 2016) and eight in the new analyses (Cross et al., 2011; Else-Quest et al., 2006; Grijalva et al., 2015; Kling et al., 1999; Miller…”
Influential
- Authors
- Zuckerman, M., Li, C., & Hall, J. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Rochester (US)
- Northeastern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zuckerman, Miron
- Venue
- Journal of Research in Personality
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-10
- Volume
- 64
- Pages
- 34-51
- ISSN
- 0092-6566 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2483108352
- Cited by
- 161
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 1.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Research in Personality (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- gender differences, self-esteem, masculinity, femininity, age differences, racial and ethnic differences, national culture, comparison processes
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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