The reality and evolutionary significance of human psychological sex differences

Archer, John

doi:10.1111/brv.12507

Cited by 291Evolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorSexual Differentiation and DisordersAnimal Behavior and Reproduction

The reality and evolutionary significance of human psychological sex differences

Archer, John·2019·Biological Reviews

DOI 10.1111/brv.12507

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Abstract

The aims of this article are: (i) to provide a quantitative overview of sex differences in human psychological attributes; and (ii) to consider evidence for their possible evolutionary origins. Sex differences were identified from a systematic literature search of meta‐analyses and large‐sample studies. These were organized in terms of evolutionary significance as follows: (i) characteristics arising from inter‐male competition (within‐sex aggression; impulsiveness and sensation‐seeking; fearfulness; visuospatial and object‐location memory; object‐centred orientations); (ii) those concerning social relations that are likely to have arisen from women's adaptations for small‐group interactions and men's for larger co‐operative groups (person‐centred orientation and social skills; language; depression and anxiety); (iii) those arising from female choice (sexuality; mate choice; sexual conflict). There were sex differences in all categories, whose magnitudes ranged from (i) small (object location memory; negative emotions), to (ii) medium (mental rotation; anxiety disorders; impulsivity; sex drive; interest in casual sex), to (iii) large (social interests and abilities; sociosexuality); and (iv) very large (escalated aggression; systemizing; sexual violence). Evolutionary explanations were evaluated according to whether: (i) similar differences occur in other mammals; (ii) there is cross‐cultural consistency; (iii) the origin was early in life or at puberty; (iv) there was evidence for hormonal influences; and (v), where possible, whether there was evidence for evolutionarily derived design features. The evidence was positive for most features in most categories, suggesting evolutionary origins for a broad range of sex differences. Attributes for which there was no sex difference are also noted. Within‐sex variations are discussed as limitations to the emphasis on sex differences.

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The same was true here for an indicator of physical violence (homicide), another prominent example argued to reflect adaptive differences.
“The same was true here for an indicator of physical violence (homicide), another prominent example argued to reflect adaptive differences (36).”
From Simpson’s gender-equality paradox (2025) · cites this paper as [36]
Early corpus-based and interactional studies documented that men often favor object-focused discourse, while women more frequently deploy relational and interactive strategies.
“Early corpus -based and interactional studies documented broad tendencies; men often favor object -focused discourse, while women more frequently deploy relational and interactive strategies (Cameron, 1997; Holmes, 2008; Archer, 2019).”
From Examining the linguistic and behavioural patterns of gender identity in women with dissociative identity disorder (2025) · cites this paper as Archer, 2019

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Men, women and STEM: Why the differences and what should be done?
Stewart-Williams, S., & Halsey, L. G. (2021) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/0890207020962326 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Understanding the Magnitude of Psychological Differences Between Women and Men Requires Seeing the Forest and the Trees
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Simpson’s gender-equality paradox
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Talking the talk, not walking the walk: The coevolution of overconfidence and loss aversion
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Examining the linguistic and behavioural patterns of gender identity in women with dissociative identity disorder
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“Early corpus ‐ based and interactional studies documented broad tendencies; men often favor object ‐ focused discourse, while women more frequently deploy relational and interactive strategies (Cameron, 1997; Holmes, 2008; Archer, 2019).”

Susquehanna Chorale Spring Concert "Roots and Wings"
Hawkins, D. (2017)
ИСПОЛЬЗОВAНИЕ ПОТЕНЦИAЛA СОЦИAЛЬНЫХ ПAРТНЕРОВ В ПОДГОТОВКЕ БУДУЩИХ ПЕДAГОГОВ
Атабекова, Б. Б. (2024) · Habaršy. Pedagogika ġylymdary seriâsy · doi:10.51889/2959-5762.2023.80.4.019
Cloning and Characterization of Rat BAT3 cDNA
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EFFECT OF THE NEMATODE PHASMARHABDITIS HERMAPHRODITA ON YOUNG STAGES OF THE PEST SLUG ARION LUSITANICUS
Grimm, B. (2002) · Journal of Molluscan Studies · doi:10.1093/mollus/68.1.25 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
HLA-B-associated transcript 3 (Bat3)/Scythe is essential for p300-mediated acetylation of p53Preprint
Sasaki, T., Gan, E. C., Wakeham, A. C., Kornbluth, S. A., Mak, T. W., & Okada, H. (2007) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1534107 · Cited by 127 · see citing works

Authors: Archer, J.
Affiliations: University of Lancashire (GB)
Corresponding author: Archer, John
ORCID: Archer, John
Venue: Biological Reviews
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 2019-03-20
Volume: 94
Issue: 4
Pages: 1381-1415
ISSN: 0006-3231 (ISSN-L)
1464-7931
1469-185X
DOI: 10.1111/brv.12507
OpenAlex: W2918509313
Cited by: 291
References: 489
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 42 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 67 · 2019: 7
FWCI: 5.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) (acceptedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
Keywords: sex differences, human psychology, evolutionary origin, female mate choice, sociosexuality, sexual conflict, mate choice, aggression, impulsivity, sensation seeking, fearfulness, object location memory, mental rotation, social skills, language, depression, anxiety, sexual violence, systemizing, endocrine effects, cross-cultural consistency
MeSH terms: Aggression, Biological Evolution, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Characteristics

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The reality and evolutionary significance of human psychological sex differences

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