When is emotional contagion adaptive?
Abstract
Empathy plays an important role in animal social behavior. Since emotional contagion forms one of the bases of empathy, here we study conditions for emotional contagion to be adaptive, compared with other behavioral rules such as behavioral mimicry. We consider the situation where the focal individual (=observer) reacts to a behavior of another individual (=demonstrator). By emotional contagion one spontaneously copies the emotional state of the demonstrator and takes a behavior driven by that emotion. By behavioral mimicry, in contrast, one copies the behavior of the demonstrator itself. Through mathematical models we show that emotional contagion is adaptive when the environmental similarity between the demonstrator and the observer is intermediate. The advantage of adopting emotional contagion over behavioral mimicry increases when observing others' behavior is difficult or cognitively demanding. We show that emotional contagion is often a more flexible strategy than behavioral mimicry in order to cope with the living environment. In other words, emotional contagion often works as a better social learning strategy. These results suggest some ecological conditions that would favor the evolution of emotional contagion, and give a part of the explanations of why emotional contagion is frequently observed in group-living animals.
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Emotional contagion is a more flexible strategy than behavioral mimicry because one emotion can lead to a wide range of adaptive behaviors.
“As one emotion can lead to a wide range of adaptive behaviors, for example, fear can result in freezing or fleeing depending on the environmental circumstances, emotional contagion is a more flexible strategy than behavioral mimicry, in which one copies the behavior of another.151”
From Ecological validity of social interaction tests in rats and mice (2019) · cites this paper as [151]
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- Authors
- Nakahashi, W., & Ohtsuki, H.
- Affiliations
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Nakahashi, Wataru
- Venue
- Journal of Theoretical Biology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-09
- Volume
- 380
- Pages
- 480-488
- ISSN
- 0022-5193 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W821264168
- Cited by
- 66
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 7.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Theoretical Biology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative Areas (25118006)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
- Keywords
- emotional contagion, behavioral mimicry, empathy, social learning, evolution of social behavior, environmental similarity, group-living animals, animal social behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Emotions, Humans, Models, Psychological
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