Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy

de Waal, Frans B.M.

doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625

Cited by 2,483Evolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorEvolutionary Game Theory and CooperationChild and Animal Learning Development

Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy

de Waal, Frans B.M.·2008·Annual Review of Psychology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Evolutionary theory postulates that altruistic behavior evolved for the return-benefits it bears the performer. For return-benefits to play a motivational role, however, they need to be experienced by the organism. Motivational analyses should restrict themselves, therefore, to the altruistic impulse and its knowable consequences. Empathy is an ideal candidate mechanism to underlie so-called directed altruism, i.e., altruism in response to anothers's pain, need, or distress. Evidence is accumulating that this mechanism is phylogenetically ancient, probably as old as mammals and birds. Perception of the emotional state of another automatically activates shared representations causing a matching emotional state in the observer. With increasing cognition, state-matching evolved into more complex forms, including concern for the other and perspective-taking. Empathy-induced altruism derives its strength from the emotional stake it offers the self in the other's welfare. The dynamics of the empathy mechanism agree with predictions from kin selection and reciprocal altruism theory.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625

Cites

183 of 183 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The phenomenon reported here is direct evidence of what de Waal argued to be the most elementary component of empathy: "that one party is affected by another's emotional or arousal state (p. 282)."
“the phenomenon reported here is direct evidence of what de Waal argued to be the most elementary component of empathy: “that one party is affected by another’s emotional or arousal state (p. 282).”43”
From Insular cortex mediates approach and avoidance responses to social affective stimuli (2018) · cites this paper as [43]

The genetical evolution of social behaviour. I
Hamilton, W. D. (1964) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(64)90038-4 · Cited by 15,725 · see citing works
The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism
Trivers, R. L. (1971) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/406755 · Cited by 11,010 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1994) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 10,542 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1976) · Cited by 10,423 · see citing works
DESCARTES' ERROR: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain
Marg, E. (1995) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1002/j.1538-9235.1995.tb03988.x · Cited by 8,177 · see citing works
On aims and methods of ethology
Tinbergen, N. (1963) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1963.tb01161.x · Cited by 4,551 · see citing works
Affective Neuroscience: The Foundations of Human and Animal Emotions
Panksepp, J. (1998) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195096736.001.0001 · Cited by 4,428 · see citing works
Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000018 · Cited by 4,126 · see citing works
Untitled work
(1998) · Cited by 4,012 · see citing works
Empathy for Pain Involves the Affective but not Sensory Components of Pain
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J., Kaube, H., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1093535 · Cited by 3,929 · see citing works
The chameleon effect: the perception–behavior link and social interaction
Chartrand, T. L., & Bargh, J. A. (1999) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.76.6.893 · Cited by 3,674 · see citing works
Understanding motor events: a neurophysiological study
di Pellegrino, G., Fadiga, L., Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (1992) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/bf00230027 · Cited by 3,539 · see citing works
The nature of human altruism
Fehr, E., & Fischbacher, U. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02043 · Cited by 3,475 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Hoffman (1981a, p. 133)”
The Chimpanzees of Gombe: Patterns of Behavior
Goodall, J. R. (1986) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 3,384 · see citing works
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
Smith, A. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118011690.ch10 · Cited by 3,160 · see citing works
Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior
(1999) · Ethology · doi:10.1046/j.1439-0310.1999.00372.x · Cited by 2,550 · see citing works
The symbolic species: the co-evolution of language and the brain
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-1500 · Cited by 2,443 · see citing works
The altruism question: toward a social-psychological answer
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4797 · Cited by 2,401 · see citing works
The nature of the child’s tie to his mother 1
Bowlby, J. (2018) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429475931-15 · Cited by 2,372 · see citing works
Impaired recognition of emotion in facial expressions following bilateral damage to the human amygdala
Adolphs, R., Tranel, D., Damasio, H., & Damasio, A. (1994) · Nature · doi:10.1038/372669a0 · Cited by 2,360 · see citing works
Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula
Wicker, B., Keysers, C., Plailly, J., Royet, J.-P., Gallese, V., & Rizzolatti, G. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00679-2 · Cited by 2,185 · see citing works
Parietal Lobe: From Action Organization to Intention Understanding
Fogassi, L., Ferrari, P. F., Gesierich, B., Rozzi, S., Chersi, F., & Rizzolatti, G. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1106138 · Cited by 1,990 · see citing works
Neural mechanisms of empathy in humans: a relay from neural systems for imitation to limbic areas
Carr, L., Iacoboni, M., Dubeau, M.-C., Mazziotta, J. C., & Lenzi, G. L. (2003) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0935845100 · Cited by 1,978 · see citing works
Cause and Effect in Biology: Kinds of causes, predictability, and teleology are viewed by a practicing biologist.
Mayr, E. (1961) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.134.3489.1501 · Cited by 1,950 · see citing works
Emotional Contagion
Hatfield, E. C., Cacioppo, J. T., & Rapson, R. L. (1993) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10770953 · Cited by 1,931 · see citing works
Unconscious facial reactions to emotional facial expressions
Dimberg, U., Thunberg, M., & Elmehed, K. (2000) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00221 · Cited by 1,788 · see citing works
Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others
Singer, T., Seymour, B., O'Doherty, J. P., Stephan, K. E., Dolan, R. J., & Frith, C. D. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04271 · Cited by 1,726 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…of previous experience have recently been confirmed by functional magnetic resonance imaging: Seeing the pain of a cooperative confederate activates painrelated brain areas, but seeing the pain of an unfair confederate activates reward-related brain areas, at least in men (Singer et al. 2006).”
The empathic brain: how, when and why?
de Vignemont, F., & Singer, T. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.08.008 · Cited by 1,716 · see citing works
Empathy and its development
Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987) · Cited by 1,708 · see citing works
The Mentality of Apes
Köhler, W. (1948) · Appleton-Century-Crofts eBooks · doi:10.1037/11304-054 · Cited by 1,586 · see citing works
Interpersonal attraction in exchange and communal relationships.
Clark, M. S., & Mills, J. (1979) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.37.1.12 · Cited by 1,514 · see citing works
Reinterpreting the empathy-altruism relationship: When one into one equals oneness.
Cialdini, R. B., Brown, S. L., Lewis, B. P., Luce, C. L., & Neuberg, S. L. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.481 · Cited by 1,467 · see citing works
Development of concern for others.
Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., Wagner, E., & Chapman, M. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.1.126 · Cited by 1,314 · see citing works
A Role for Somatosensory Cortices in the Visual Recognition of Emotion as Revealed by Three-Dimensional Lesion Mapping
Adolphs, R., Damasio, H., Tranel, D., Cooper, G., & Damasio, A. R. (2000) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.20-07-02683.2000 · Cited by 1,095 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Human data suggest that a similar physiological substrate underlies both observing and experiencing an emotion (Adolphs et al. 1997, 2000), and that affect communication creates matching physiological states in subject and object (Dimberg 1982, 1990; Levenson & Reuf 1992).”
Do chimpanzees know what conspecifics know?
Hare, B. A., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2001) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1518 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Natural Conflict Resolution
Aureli, F. (2001) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520924932 · Cited by 1,082 · see citing works
On Cause and Effect in Biology
Kane, W. H. (1962) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.135.3507.972 · Cited by 1,081 · see citing works
Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals
de Waal, F. (1996) · Dominican Scholar (Dominican University of California) · Cited by 1,077 · see citing works
Social Cognition and the Acquisition of Self
Lewis, M., & Brooks‐Gunn, J. (1979) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-3566-5 · Cited by 982 · see citing works
Coalitions and Alliances in Humans and Other Animals.
Dunbar, R., Harcourt, A. H., & de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (1993) · Man · doi:10.2307/2803426 · Cited by 968 · see citing works
Good Natured
de Waal, F. B. M., & de Waal, F. B. M. (1996) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/9780674033177 · Cited by 958 · see citing works
Causal knowledge and imitation/emulation switching in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and children (Homo sapiens)
Horner, V., & Whiten, A. (2005) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-004-0239-6 · Cited by 914 · see citing works
A Social-Neuroscience Perspective on Empathy
Jean Decety, A., & Jackson, P. L. (2006) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00406.x · Cited by 909 · see citing works
Social Modulation of Pain as Evidence for Empathy in Mice
Langford, D. J., Crager, S. E., Shehzad, Z., Smith, S. B., Sotocinal, S. G., Levenstadt, J. S., Chanda, M. L., Levitin, D. J., & Mogil, J. S. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1128322 · Cited by 865 · see citing works
Facial Reactions to Facial Expressions
Dimberg, U. (1982) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1982.tb02516.x · Cited by 844 · see citing works
Infants with autism: an investigation of empathy, pretend play, joint attention, and imitation
Charman, T., Swettenham, J., Baron-Cohen, S., Cox, A., Baird, G., & Drew, A. (1997) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.33.5.781 · Cited by 813 · see citing works
Self‐awareness and the emergence of mind in primates
Gallup, G. G. (1982) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.1350020302 · Cited by 793 · see citing works
The power of simulation: Imagining one's own and other's behavior
Decety, J., & Grèzes, J. (2006) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.115 · Cited by 790 · see citing works
Reconciliation and consolation among chimpanzees
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., & van Roosmalen, A. (1979) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/bf00302695 · Cited by 773 · see citing works
Is altruism part of human nature?
Hoffman, M. L. (1981) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.40.1.121 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Cooperation Among Animals
Dugatkin, L. A. (1997) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195086218.001.0001 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
Development of Prosocial Motivation: Empathy and Guilt
Hoffman, M. L. (1982) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-234980-5.50016-x · Cited by 720 · see citing works
Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence
Reiss, D., & Marino, L. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.101086398 · Cited by 711 · see citing works
Empathy: A physiological substrate.
Levenson, R. W., & Ruef, A. M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.2.234 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Cooperation among animals: an evolutionary perspective
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-0904 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Self-recognition in an Asian elephant
Plotnik, J. M., de Waal, F. B. M., & Reiss, D. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0608062103 · Cited by 709 · see citing works
Perspectives and problems in motor learning
Wolpert, D. M., Zoubin Ghahramani, A., & Flanagan, J. R. (2001) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01773-3 · Cited by 671 · see citing works
Demonic males: Apes and the origins of human violence
(1998) · Journal of Social and Evolutionary Systems · doi:10.1016/s1061-7361(98)80012-x · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Is empathy-induced helping due to self-other merging?
Batson, C. D., Sager, K., Garst, E., Kang, M., Rubchinsky, K., & Dawson, K. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.73.3.495 · Cited by 637 · see citing works
Chimpanzees are indifferent to the welfare of unrelated group members
Silk, J. B., Brosnan, S. F., Vonk, J. M., Henrich, J., Povinelli, D. J., Richardson, A. S., Lambeth, S. P., Mascaro, J., & Schapiro, S. J. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04243 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Developmental synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation.
Hoffman, M. L. (1975) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.11.5.607 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Effects of experience and social context on prospective caching strategies by scrub jays
Emery, N. J., & Clayton, N. S. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35106560 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Five levels of self-awareness as they unfold early in life.
Rochat, P. (2003) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s1053-8100(03)00081-3 · Cited by 560 · see citing works
Fear fosters flight: a mechanism for fear contagion when perceiving emotion expressed by a whole body
de Gelder, B., Snyder, J., Greve, D., Gerard, G., & Hadjikhani, N. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407042101 · Cited by 511 · see citing works
The origins of empathic concern
Zahn‐Waxler, C., & Radke‐Yarrow, M. (1990) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf00991639 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
The Chimpanzee's service economy: Food for grooming
de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (1997) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/s1090-5138(97)00085-8 · Cited by 479 · see citing works
Food sharing and reciprocal obligations among chimpanzees
de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (1989) · Journal of Human Evolution · doi:10.1016/0047-2484(89)90074-2 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Reaching into thought: the minds of the great apes
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3861 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Wild minds: what animals really think
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-6275 · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Engineering cooperation in chimpanzees: tolerance constraints on cooperation.
Melis, A. P., Hare, B., & Tomasello, M. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.018 · Cited by 427 · see citing works
On the move: how and why animals travel in groups
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.38-1570 · Cited by 423 · see citing works
Neural correlates of feeling sympathy
Decety, J., & Chaminade, T. (2002) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00143-4 · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Brain evolution relating to family, play, and the separation call.
Maclean, P. (1985) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1985.01790270095011 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Impaired declarative memory for emotional material following bilateral amygdala damage in humans
Adolphs, R., Cahill, L., Schul, R., & Babinsky, R. (1997) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/6.6.440 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Impaired declarative memory for emotional material following bilateral amygdala damage in humans.
Adolphs, R., Cahill, L., Schul, R., & Babinsky, R. (1997) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.4.3.291 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
What's in it for me? Self-regard precludes altruism and spite in chimpanzees
Jensen, K., Hare, B. A., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2006) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3417 · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Expectations of cooperation and competition and their effects on observers' vicarious emotional responses.
Lanzetta, J. T., & Englis, B. G. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.4.543 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Mechanisms of social reciprocity in three primate species: Symmetrical relationship characteristics or cognition?
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., & Luttrell, L. M. (1988) · Ethology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1016/0162-3095(88)90016-7 · Cited by 369 · see citing works
The Symbolic Species: The Co-evolution of Language and the Brain
Favareau, D. F. (1998) · Issues in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.5070/l492005278 · Cited by 366 · see citing works
Neonatal imitation in Rhesus Macaques
Ferrari, P. F., Visalberghi, E., Paukner, A., Fogassi, L., Ruggiero, A., & Suomi, S. J. (2006) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040302 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Chimpanzees deceive a human competitor by hiding
Hare, B. A., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2006) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2005.01.011 · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Unto Others: The Evolution and Psychology of Unselfish Behavior
Boehm, C. (1999) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1999.101.3.702 · Cited by 307 · see citing works
Through a window: my thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe
Williams (1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.28-4534 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
When the self represents the other: A new cognitive neuroscience view on psychological identification
Jean Decety, A., & Chaminade, T. (2003) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/s1053-8100(03)00076-x · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Meat sharing among the Gombe chimpanzees: harassment and reciprocal exchange
Gilby, I. C. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.09.009 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
All Great Ape Species Follow Gaze to Distant Locations and Around Barriers.
Bräuer, J., Call, J., & Tomasello, M. (2005) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.119.2.145 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
Emotional reactions of rats to the pain of others.
Church, R. M. (1959) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043531 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
The descent of man and selection in relation to sex /
Darwin, C. R. (1889) · J. Murray eBooks · doi:10.5962/bhl.title.106468 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Common Mechanisms in Perception and Action
Prinz, W. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198510697.001.0001 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
Affective responses to the emotions of a protagonist
Zillmann, D., & Cantor, J. R. (1977) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/s0022-1031(77)80008-5 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Anthropomorphism and Anthropodenial: Consistency in Our Thinking about Humans and Other Animals
de Waal, F. D. (1999) · Philosophical Topics · doi:10.5840/philtopics199927122 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
TARGET ARTICLE: Selective Investment Theory: Recasting the Functional Significance of Close Relationships
Brown, S. L., & Brown, R. M. (2006) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli1701_01 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Can Young Chimpanzees (Pan Troglodytes) Imitate Arbitrary Actions? Hayes & Hayes (1952) Revisited
Custance, D. M., Whiten, A., & Bard, K. A. (1995) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853995x00036 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Cooperation in Primates and Humans
Kappeler, P. M., & van Schaik, C. P. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-28277-7 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
"ALTRUISTIC" BEHAVIOR IN RHESUS MONKEYS
Masserman, J. H., Wechkin, S., & Terris, W. (1964) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.121.6.584 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Behavioural reactions of elephants towards a dying and deceased matriarch
Douglas-Hamilton, I., Bhalla, S., Wittemyer, G., & Vollrath, F. (2006) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.04.014 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Contagious yawning in chimpanzees
Anderson, J. R., Myowa–Yamakoshi, M., & Matsuzawa, T. (2004) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2004.0224 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Elephant memories. Thirteen years in the life of an elephant family
(1993) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/0160-4120(93)90102-n · Cited by 215 · see citing works
The Psychology of Sympathy
Wispe, L. G. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-6779-7 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Almost human
Yerkes, R. M. (1925) · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Food transfers through mesh in brown capuchins.
de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (1997) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.111.4.370 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Kin Selection as the Key to Altruism: Its Rise and Fall
Wilson, E. O. (2005) · Social research · doi:10.1353/sor.2005.0012 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Consolation, reconciliation, and a possible cognitive difference between macaques and chimpanzees
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., & Aureli, F. (1996) · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Ravens, Corvus corax , differentiate between knowledgeable and ignorant competitors
Bugnyar, T., & Heinrich, B. (2005) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2005.3144 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Advances in Animal Welfare Science 1984
Fox, M. W., & Mickley, L. D. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4998-0 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Genetic Change and Continuity from Fourteen to Twenty Months: The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study
Plomin, R. J., Kagan, J., Emde, R. N., Reznick, J. S., Braungart, J. M., Robinson, J. L., Campos, J. J., Zahn‐Waxler, C., Corley, R., Fulker, D. W., et al. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1993.tb02957.x · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Introduction: evolution, morphology, and behavior of lorisoid primates
Burrows, A. M., & Nash, L. T. (2006) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20321 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Elephant memories. Thirteen years in the life of an elephant family
Eltringham, S. K. (1989) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/0003-3472(89)90080-8 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Through a window: My thirty years with the chimpanzees of Gombe.
Goodall, J. R. (1990) · Cited by 175 · see citing works
33 Epimeletic (Care-giving) Behavior in Cetacea
Caldwell, M. C., & Caldwell, D. K. ‏. (1966) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520321373-041 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Infant Development: Perspectives from German Speaking Countries
Bischof-Köhler, D. (1991) · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Postconflict Third-Party Affiliation in Rooks, Corvus frugilegus
Seed, A. M., Clayton, N. S., & Emery, N. J. (2007) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2006.11.025 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Among orangutans: red apes and the rise of human culture
(2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-5279 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Capuchin cognitive ecology: cooperation based on projected returns
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., & Davis, J. M. (2003) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00152-5 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Cognitive and physiological markers of emotional awareness in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Parr, L. A. (2001) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s100710100085 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Empathy and sympathy.
Eisenberg, N. (1989) · Cited by 160 · see citing works
The psychological significance of changes in skin temperature
Rimm‐Kaufman, S. E., & Kagan, J. (1996) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/bf02251007 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Reconciliation and consolation in captive bonobos (Pan paniscus)
Palagi, E., Paoli, T., & Tarli, S. M. B. (2004) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20000 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Natural Selection and Social Theory
Trivers, R. L. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195130614.001.0001 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
The Ape and the Sushi Master
de Waal, F. (2001) · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Factors influencing imitation of manipulatory actions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).
Myowa-Yamakoshi, M., & Matsuzawa, T. (1999) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.113.2.128 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Genetic Change and Continuity from Fourteen to Twenty Months: The MacArthur Longitudinal Twin Study
Plomin, R. J., Kagan, J., Emde, R. N., Reznick, J. S., Braungart, J. M., Robinson, J. L., Campos, J. J., Zahn‐Waxler, C., Corley, R. P., Fulker, D. W., et al. (1993) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131539 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Are Dolphins Reciprocal Altruists?
Connor, R. C., & Norris, K. S. (1982) · The American Naturalist · doi:10.1086/283915 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The Development of Empathy in Infants
Bischof-Köhler, D. (1991) · Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) · doi:10.5282/ubm/epub.2915 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Simple and complex reciprocity in primates
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., & Brosnan, S. F. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-28277-7_5 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Contagious yawning and the brain
Platek, S. M., Mohamed, F. B., & Gallup, G. G. (2005) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.11.011 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The monkey in the mirror: Hardly a stranger
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., Danforth, M. D., Freeman, C. A., & Hall, M. J. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0503935102 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
The Altruism Equation
Dugatkin, L. A. (2006) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400841431 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
A Group of Young Chimpanzees in a One-Acre Field1 1The collection of data for this chapter was supported by grant FR-00164 from the National Institutes of Health to the Delta Regional Primate Research Center of Tulane University, the writing of this chapter by National Science Foundation grant GU-3850 to the Psychobiology Program of the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Without the encouragement and advice of William A. Mason, Arthur J. Riopelle, Helmut Hofer, and Hans Kummer some of the experiments might not have been initiated, and without the assistance of Palmer Midgett, Jr., few of the experiments could have been conducted.
Menzel, E. W. (1974) · Behavior of non-human primates · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-629105-6.50009-2 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Reconciliation and post-conflict third-party affiliation among wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains, Tanzania
Kutsukake, N., & Castles, D. L. (2004) · Primates · doi:10.1007/s10329-004-0082-z · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Brain temperature asymmetries and emotional perception in chimpanzees, Pan troglodytes
Parr, L. A., & Hopkins, W. D. (2000) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(00)00349-8 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The Choice of Post-conflict Interactions in Wild Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Wittig, R. M., & Boesch, C. (2003) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853903771980701 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Triadic postconflict affiliation in captive chimpanzees: does consolation console?
Koski, S. E., & Sterck, E. H. M. (2006) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2006.04.009 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Video-induced yawning in stumptail macaques ( Macaca arctoides )
Paukner, A., & Anderson, J. R. (2005) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0411 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Empathy in chimpanzees: Evidence for theory of mind?
O’Connell, S. (1995) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf02382862 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
A preliminary study of food-sharing behavior in young chimpanzees.
Nissen, H. W., & Crawford, M. P. (1936) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/h0062234 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Reconciliation and Consolation in Captive Western Gorillas
Cordoni, G., Palagi, E., & Tarli, S. M. B. (2006) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-006-9078-4 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Chimpanzee Politics
de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (1998) · Johns Hopkins University Press eBooks · doi:10.56021/9780801858390 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Adoption in Anthropoid primates
Thierry, B., & Anderson, J. R. (1986) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/bf02692318 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
An experimental analysis of “empathic” response: Effects of pain reactions of pigeon upon other pigeon's operant behavior.
Watanabe, S., & Ono, K. (1986) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/0376-6357(86)90089-6 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Shock to a conspecific as an aversive stimulus
Wechkin, S., Masserman, J. H., & Terris, W. (1964) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03342783 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Neonatal imitation in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) tested with two paradigms
Bard, K. A. (2006) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-006-0062-3 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Interchange of Grooming and Agonistic Support in Chimpanzees
Koyama, N. F., Caws, C., & Aureli, F. (2006) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/s10764-006-9074-8 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
A nonverbal test of knowledge attribution: a comparative study on dogs and children
Virányi, Z., Topál, J., Miklósi, Á., & Csányi, V. (2005) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-005-0257-z · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Complementary Methods and Convergent Evidence in the Study of Primate Social Cognition1)
de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (1991) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853991x00337 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Facial electromyographic reactions and autonomic activity to auditory stimuli
Dimberg, U. (1990) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/0301-0511(90)90013-m · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The communication of emotions and the possibility of empathy in animals.
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. D. (2002) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195143584.003.0025 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Altruistic Behavior and the Development of the Self in Infants.
Johnson, D. B. (1982) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Possible Roles of Consolation in Captive Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)
Palagi, E., Cordoni, G., & Tarli, S. M. B. (2005) · American Journal of Physical Anthropology · doi:10.1002/ajpa.20242 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Partner effects on food consumption in brown capuchin monkeys
Danforth, M. D., & de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (2006) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20362 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Infant Chimpanzee and Human Child: A Classic 1935 Comparative Study of Ape Emotions and Intelligence
Ladygina-Kohts, N. N., de Waal, F. Β. Μ., Vekker, B., Gardner, R., & Gardner, B. T. (2001) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Origins of Empathy and Altruism
Zahn‐Waxler, C., Hollenbeck, B., & Radke‐Yarrow, M. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-4998-0_2 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Toward a Comparative Psychology of Mind
Gallup, G. G. (1983) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61806-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Individual and social behavioral responses to injury in wild toque macaques (Macaca Sinica)
Dittus, W. P. J., & Ratnayeke, S. (1989) · International Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1007/bf02735201 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Copying without rewards: socially influenced foraging decisions among brown capuchin monkeys
Bonnie, K. E., & de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (2007) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-006-0069-9 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Altruism and Egoism: A False Dichotomy?
Krebs, D. L. (1991) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0202_9 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Redirection, consolation and male policing : how targets of aggression interact with bystanders
Watts, D. (2000) · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Postconflict behavior in captive western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Mallavarapu, S., Stoinski, T. S., Bloomsmith, M. A., & Maple, T. L. (2006) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.20279 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Social facilitation of eating novel food in tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella): input provided by group members and responses affected in the observer
Addessi, E., & Visalberghi, E. M. (2001) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s100710100113 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Empathic Distress and Altruism: Still Inseparable
Hornstein, H. A. (1991) · Psychological Inquiry · doi:10.1207/s15327965pli0202_7 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Role of infant crying in the early mother-infant dialogue
Acebo, C., & Thoman, E. B. (1995) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)00345-6 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Observing Conspecifics Scratching Induces a Contagion of Scratching in Japanese Monkeys (Macaca fuscata).
Nakayama, K. (2004) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.118.1.20 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Peacemaking and consolation in Japanese preschoolers witnessing peer aggression.
Fujisawa, K. K., Kutsukake, N., & Hasegawa, T. (2006) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.120.1.48 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Social-cognitive Development
Forrester, M. A. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315804712-5 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Exploring Primate Social Cognition: Some Critical Remarks1)
Kummer, H., Dasser, V., & Hoyningen‐Huene, P. (1990) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853990x00699 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Perspectives in Primate Biology
(1974) · Advances in behavioral biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-8990-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Love and Hate
Weinstein, M. (2007) · Studies in Gender and Sexuality · doi:10.1080/15240650701519175 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-recognition in nonhuman primates: Past and future challenges.
Anderson, J. R., & Gallup, G. G. (2004) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/10335-011 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A Method for Studying Altruism in Monkeys
Colman, A. D., Liebold, K., & Boren, J. J. (1969) · The Psychological Record · doi:10.1007/bf03393866 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Behavioral and Emotional Response of Japanese Macaque (Macaca fuscata) Mothers After Their Offspring Receive an Aggression.
Schino, G., Geminiani, S., Rosati, L., & Aureli, F. (2004) · Journal of comparative psychology · doi:10.1037/0735-7036.118.3.340 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A Capuchin monkey ( Cebus apella ) recognizes when people do and do not know the location of food
Kuroshima, H., Fujita, K., Adachi, I., Iwata, K., & Fuyuki, A. (2003) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-003-0184-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
New elements of a theory of mind in wild chimpanzees
Boesch, C. (1992) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00067959 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
The Evolution of Human Emotion
Parr, L. A., & Waller, B. M. (2007) · Evolution of Nervous Systems · doi:10.1016/b0-12-370878-8/00045-8 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
No imitation without identification
de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98271743 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Über den Zusammenhang von Empathie und der Fähigkeit, sich im Spiegel zu erkennen
Bischof-Köhler, D. (1988) · Open access LMU (Ludwid Maxmilian's Universitat Munchen) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Relevance of Facial Expression and Posture as Cues in Communication of Affect Between Monkeys
Miller, R. E. (1959) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1959.03590050048006 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Conflict and post-conflict behavior in a small group of chimpanzees
Fuentes, A., Malone, N., Sanz, C., Matheson, M. D., & Vaughan, L. (2002) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf02629650 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Coming of age with elephants: a memoir
(1996) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-0306 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Understanding visual barriers: evidence for Level 1 perspective taking in an orang-utan, Pongo pygmaeus
Shillito, D. J., Shumaker, R. W., Gallup, G. G., & Beck, B. (2005) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2004.04.022 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Human morality is distinctive
Kagan, J. (2000) · Journal of Consciousness Studies · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Tactical Deception and Understanding of Others in Chimpanzees
Hirata, S. (2006) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/4-431-30248-4_17 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Empathy requires the development of the self
Lewis, M. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02450017 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Understanding the imitation deficit in autism may lead to a more specific model of autism as an empathy disorder
Charman, T. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0231001x · Cited by 5 · see citing works

Flagged first, then by citations

Sorted by citations

Liberals and conservatives rely on different sets of moral foundations.
Graham, J., Haidt, J., & Nosek, B. A. (2009) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0015141 · Cited by 4,560 · see citing works
Imitation, empathy, and mirror neurons
Iacoboni, M. (2009) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163604 · Cited by 1,606 · see citing works
“…tells us that our ANRV364-PS60-25 ARI 24 November 2008 18:59 ability to empathize, a building block of our sociality (Adolphs 2009) and morality (de Waal 2008, Tangney et al. 2007), has been built " bottom up " from relatively simple mechanisms of action production and perception (Iacoboni 2008).”
Background
Two systems for empathy: a double dissociation between emotional and cognitive empathy in inferior frontal gyrus versus ventromedial prefrontal lesions
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G., Aharon-Peretz, J., & Perry, D. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awn279 · Cited by 1,544 · see citing works
Toward a second-person neuroscience
Schilbach, L., Timmermans, B., Reddy, V., Costall, A., Bente, G., Schlicht, T., & Vogeley, K. (2013) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x12000660 · Cited by 1,510 · see citing works
Evolution and behavioural responses to human‐induced rapid environmental change
Sih, A., Ferrari, M. C. O., & Harris, D. J. (2011) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/j.1752-4571.2010.00166.x · Cited by 1,255 · see citing works
The neuroscience of empathy: Progress, pitfalls and promise
Zaki, J., & Ochsner, K. N. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3085 · Cited by 1,231 · see citing works
Awe, the small self, and prosocial behavior
Piff, P. K., Dietze, P., Feinberg, M., Stancato, D. M., & Keltner, D. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000018 · Cited by 1,214 · see citing works
The neural bases for empathy
Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2011) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858410379268 · Cited by 1,059 · see citing works
“De Waal (2008) suggests that the phylogenetically earliest system is the emotional contagion system, in which one is affected by another’s emotional or arousal state.”
Background
Interpersonal emotion regulation.
Zaki, J., & Williams, W. C. (2013) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0033839 · Cited by 988 · see citing works
“Further, both relate to a third empathic subcomponent: the motive to alter the trajectory of Person A’s emotional experience (Batson, 2011; de Waal, 2008; Harbaugh, Mayr, & Burghart, 2007; Waytz, Zaki, & Mitchell, 2012; Zaki & Mitchell, in press).”
Background
Mammalian empathy: behavioural manifestations and neural basis
de Waal, F. B. M., & Preston, S. D. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.72 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
Empathy and pro-social behavior in rats
Bartal, I. B.-A., Decety, J., & Mason, P. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1210789 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Empathy: Gender effects in brain and behavior
Christov-Moore, L., Simpson, E. A., Coudé, G., Grigaityte, K., Iacoboni, M., & Ferrari, P. F. (2014) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.001 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
“…with prolonged parental care, such as mammals and some birds, in which there are reports of behaviors that are indicative not only of sensitivity to others’ emotional states, but also of the presence of some basic forms of empathy (Gonzalez-Liencres et al., 2013; de Waal, 2008; Edgar et al., 2011).”
Background
Empathy: A motivated account.
Zaki, J. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0037679 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
“PAM and related models dovetail with evidence that many animals, including rats (Bartal, Decety, & Mason, 2011; Church, 1959), mice (Langford et al., 2006), monkeys (R. L. Miller, Banks, & Ogawa, 1963), and nonhuman primates (de Waal, 2008), share the states of conspecifics.”
Background
The evolution of self-control.
MacLean, E. L., Hare, B., Nunn, C. L., Addessi, E., Amici, F., Anderson, R. C., Aureli, F., Baker, J. M., Bania, A. E., Barnard, A. M., et al. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1323533111 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Do you feel my pain? Racial group membership modulates empathic neural responses
Xu, X., Zuo, X., Wang, X., & Han, S. (2009) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2418-09.2009 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
The Neuroscience of Social Decision-Making
Rilling, J. K., & Sanfey, A. G. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131647 · Cited by 775 · see citing works
The cerebellum: adaptive prediction for movement and cognition
Sokolov, A. A., Miall, R. C., & Ivry, R. B. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2017.02.005 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Empathy as a driver of prosocial behaviour: highly conserved neurobehavioural mechanisms across species
Decety, J., Bartal, I. B.-A., Uzefovsky, F., & Knafo-Noam, A. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2015.0077 · Cited by 740 · see citing works
The varieties of self-transcendent experience
Yaden, D. B., Haidt, J., Hood, R. W., Vago, D. R., & Newberg, A. B. (2017) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000102 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
“de Waal, F. B. (2008). Putting the altruism back into altruism: The evolution of empathy.”
Background
Oxytocin-dependent consolation behavior in rodents
Burkett, J. P., Andari, E., Johnson, Z. V., Curry, D. C., de Waal, F. B. M., & Young, L. J. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aac4785 · Cited by 692 · see citing works
Empathy-Related Responding: Associations with Prosocial Behavior, Aggression, and Intergroup Relations
Eisenberg, N., Eggum, N. D., & Giunta, L. D. (2010) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2010.01020.x · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Shared Reality: Experiencing Commonality with others' Inner States about the World
Echterhoff, G., Higgins, E. T., & Levine, J. M. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01161.x · Cited by 676 · see citing works
Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion.
Valdesolo, P., & DeSteno, D. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0021302 · Cited by 654 · see citing works
“Accordingly, synchrony may constitute a more basic signal by which the mind interprets similarity or unity and, consequently, tunes subsequent emotional responses and moral behaviors in line with adaptive pressures (cf. de Waal, 2008).”
Background
The Theory of Dyadic Morality: Reinventing Moral Judgment by Redefining Harm
Schein, C., & Gray, K. J. (2017) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868317698288 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Cooperative Breeding and Human Cognitive Evolution
Burkart, J. M., Hrdy, S. B., & Van Schaik, C. P. (2009) · Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews · doi:10.1002/evan.20222 · Cited by 646 · see citing works
Mirror-Induced Behavior in the Magpie (Pica pica): Evidence of Self-Recognition
Prior, H., Schwarz, A., & Güntürkün, O. (2008) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060202 · Cited by 586 · see citing works
Grandparental investment: Past, present, and future
Coall, D. A., & Hertwig, R. (2010) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x09991105 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
“The mechanism, however, is not in opposition to the ultimate causes of behavior , but empathy-based altruistic acts are allocated in accordance with kin and reciprocal altruism theory (de Waal 2008, p. 279).”
Background
The developmental origins of a disposition toward empathy: Genetic and environmental contributions.
Knafo‐Noam, A., Zahn‐Waxler, C., Hulle, C. V., Robinson, J. L., & Rhee, S. H. (2008) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0014179 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Sixteen common misconceptions about the evolution of cooperation in humans
West, S., Mouden, C. E., & Gardner, A. (2011) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2010.08.001 · Cited by 476 · see citing works
“Similar mixing up of proximate and ultimate factors occur in the literature on the evolution of language (Scott-Phillips, 2007), the group selection literature (Smuts, 1999) and at the interface of the primate and human literature (de Waal, 2008).”
Background
Differential susceptibility to rearing environment depending on dopamine-related genes: New evidence and a meta-analysis
Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2011) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579410000635 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Putting together phylogenetic and ontogenetic perspectives on empathy
Decety, J., & Svetlova, M. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2011.05.003 · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Using Empathy to Improve Intergroup Attitudes and Relations
Batson, C. D., & Ahmad, N. Y. (2009) · Social Issues and Policy Review · doi:10.1111/j.1751-2409.2009.01013.x · Cited by 508 · see citing works
Being Together in Time: Musical Experience and the Mirror Neuron System
Overy, K., & Molnar-Szakacs, I. (2009) · Music Perception An Interdisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1525/mp.2009.26.5.489 · Cited by 502 · see citing works
Social Functionality of Human Emotion
Niedenthal, P. M., & Bräuer, M. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.121208.131605 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
“How we might do so requires consideration of the cognitive components of empathy, which may be said to be unique to humans and other primates (Decety & Lamm 2006, de Waal 2008).”
Background
Empathy toward strangers triggers oxytocin release and subsequent generosity
Barraza, J. A., & Zak, P. J. (2009) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04504.x · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Placebo and the New Physiology of the Doctor-Patient Relationship
Benedetti, F. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00043.2012 · Cited by 492 · see citing works
A biopsychosocial formulation of pain communication.
Hadjistavropoulos, T., Craig, K. D., Duck, S., Cano, A., Goubert, L., Jackson, P. L., Mogil, J. S., Rainville, P., Sullivan, M. J. L., Williams, A. C. D. C., et al. (2011) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0023876 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
Beyond sacrificial harm: a two-dimensional model of utilitarian psychology
Kahane, G., Everett, J. A. C., Earp, B. D., Caviola, L., Faber, N. S., Crockett, M. J., & Savulescu, J. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000093 · Cited by 434 · see citing works
The Evolutionary Origins of Friendship
Seyfarth, R. M., & Cheney, D. L. (2011) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-120710-100337 · Cited by 449 · see citing works
“…affected by several factors, including the memory of past events, the emotions associated with them, and the emotions currently experienced: what de Waal (2008) calls " empathy, " Silk (2005) calls " friendship, " and Schino & Aureli (2009, p. 59) describe as " a system of emotionally based…”
Background
The cultural evolution of prosocial religions
Norenzayan, A., Shariff, A. F., Gervais, W. M., Willard, A. K., McNamara, R. A., Slingerland, E., & Henrich, J. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14001356 · Cited by 934 · see citing works
Cooperative Breeding and its Significance to the Demographic Success of Humans
Kramer, K. L. (2010) · Annual Review of Anthropology · doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.012809.105054 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
“Second, kin-biased behaviors may be motivated by factors other than kin selection (Coall & Hertwig 2010, de Waal 2008, Silk 2006).”
Background
Artificial empathy in marketing interactions: Bridging the human-AI gap in affective and social customer experience
Liu-Thompkins, Y., Okazaki, S., & Li, H. (2022) · Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science · doi:10.1007/s11747-022-00892-5 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
“This mechanism echoes the consoling behaviors that primates use to express empathic concern (de Waal 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Acute effects of steroid hormones and neuropeptides on human social-emotional behavior: A review of single administration studies
Bos, P. A., Panksepp, J., Bluthé, R.-M., & Honk, J. V. (2012) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.01.002 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Prosocial Development
Eisenberg, N., Spinrad, T. L., & Knafo‐Noam, A. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy315 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
The evolutionary origin of human hyper-cooperation
Burkart, J. M., Allon, O., Amici, F., Fichtel, C., Finkenwirth, C., Heschl, A., Huber, J., Isler, K., Kosonen, Z. K., Martins, E., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5747 · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Psychosocial effects of perceived emotional synchrony in collective gatherings.
Páez, D., Rimé, B., Basabe, N., Włodarczyk, A., & Zumeta, L. N. (2015) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/pspi0000014 · Cited by 414 · see citing works
Empathy-induced altruistic motivation.
Batson, C. D. (2010) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/12061-001 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
“empathy , emotional contagion , or affective resonance ( de Waal, 2008; Hatfield, Caccioppo &”
Background
On the Role of Empathy in Customer-Employee Interactions
Wieseke, J., Geigenmüller, A., & Kraus, F. (2012) · Journal of Service Research · doi:10.1177/1094670512439743 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
The neuroevolution of empathy
Jean Decety, A. (2011) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06027.x · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Neural basis of extraordinary empathy and altruistic motivation
Mathur, V. A., Harada, T., Lipke, T., & Chiao, J. Y. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.03.025 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Anterior cingulate inputs to nucleus accumbens control the social transfer of pain and analgesia
Smith, M. L., Asada, N., & Malenka, R. C. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abe3040 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
The origins of altruism in offspring care.
Preston, S. D. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0031755 · Cited by 368 · see citing works
The Cortical Organization of Syntax
Matchin, W., & Hickok, G. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhz180 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
Empathy in Virtual Agents and Robots
Paiva, A., Leite, I., Boukricha, H., & Wachsmuth, I. (2017) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/2912150 · Cited by 373 · see citing works
Empathic concern drives costly altruism
FeldmanHall, O., Dalgleish, T., Evans, D., & Mobbs, D. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.043 · Cited by 351 · see citing works
“This is supported by a theory suggesting that altruistic behavior – helping others at a cost to the self (de Waal, 2008) – is a function of the desire to minimize one's own discomfort when observing others in pain (Cialdini et al., 1987).”
Emotional Mimicry: Why and When We Mimic Emotions
Heß, U., & Fischer, A. H. (2014) · Social and Personality Psychology Compass · doi:10.1111/spc3.12083 · Cited by 337 · see citing works
“Affective empathy in turn has been defined as a process during which the perception of another’s emotional state generates a matching state in the perceiver (see e.g., de Waal, 2008).”
Background
The (non)relation between empathy and aggression: Surprising results from a meta-analysis.
Vachon, D. D., Lynam, D. R., & Johnson, J. A. (2013) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035236 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Are liars ethical? On the tension between benevolence and honesty
Levine, E. E., & Schweitzer, M. E. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2014.03.005 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Intuitive Prosociality
Zaki, J., & Mitchell, J. P. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721413492764 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Morality
Haidt, J., & Kesebir, S. (2010) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470561119.socpsy002022 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Concern for Others in the First Year of Life: Theory, Evidence, and Avenues for Research
Davidov, M., Zahn‐Waxler, C., Roth‐Hanania, R., & Knafo‐Noam, A. (2013) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12028 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Giving is self-rewarding for monkeys
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., Leimgruber, K. L., & Greenberg, A. R. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0807060105 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Conscious thought is for facilitating social and cultural interactions: How mental simulations serve the animal–culture interface.
Baumeister, R. F., & Masicampo, E. J. (2010) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/a0019393 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“Members can interact without understanding each other’s mental states, but appreciating the mental states of others (including the shared beliefs and assumptions) would enable vast improvements in the possibilities for collective action and interaction (e.g., de Waal, 2008).”
Background
Indicators of positive and negative emotions and emotional contagion in pigs
Reimert, I., Bolhuis, J. E., Kemp, B., & Rodenburg, T. B. (2012) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.11.002 · Cited by 300 · see citing works
Why do homeowners renovate energy efficiently? Contrasting perspectives and implications for policy
Wilson, C., Crane, L., & Chryssochoidis, G. (2015) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2015.03.002 · Cited by 299 · see citing works
Game theory and neural basis of social decision making
Lee, D. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2065 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
The Effect of Embodied Experiences on Self-Other Merging, Attitude, and Helping Behavior
Ahn, S. J., Le, A. M. T., & Bailenson, J. N. (2013) · Media Psychology · doi:10.1080/15213269.2012.755877 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“It has been demonstrated that sharing the same basis of feelings and thoughts of another person through perspective-taking can even lead to costly self-sacrifice during helping (Batson, 1991; de Waal, 2008).”
Background
Learning Empathy Through Virtual Reality: Multiple Strategies for Training Empathy-Related Abilities Using Body Ownership Illusions in Embodied Virtual Reality
Bertrand, P., Guegan, J., Robieux, L., McCall, C., & Zenasni, F. (2018) · Frontiers in Robotics and AI · doi:10.3389/frobt.2018.00026 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“Finally, (g) altruism is characterized by the prosocial behavior of helping others at a cost to the self (de Waal, 2008).”
Background
Clever animals and killjoy explanations in comparative psychology
Shettleworth, S. J. (2010) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2010.07.002 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Empathy in children with autism and conduct disorder: group‐specific profiles and developmental aspects
Schwenck, C., Mergenthaler, J., Keller, K., Zech, J., Salehi, S., Taurines, R., Romanos, M., Schecklmann, M., Schneider, W., Warnke, A., et al. (2011) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02499.x · Cited by 293 · see citing works
A neurobehavioral evolutionary perspective on the mechanisms underlying empathy
Jean Decety, A., Norman, G. J., Berntson, G. G., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2012) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.001 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Brain-to-brain coupling during handholding is associated with pain reduction
Goldstein, P., Weissman-Fogel, I., Dumas, G., & Shamay-Tsoory, S. G. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1703643115 · Cited by 311 · see citing works
Institutionalizing passion in world politics: fear and empathy
Crawford, N. C. (2014) · International Theory · doi:10.1017/s1752971914000256 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
“…related to social context and pre-existing beliefs.9 Empathy also involves multiple brain regions and neurochemicals, as well as judgments about others.10 A mirror neuron system helps humans feel what others feel at a basic level of neural resonance (de Waal 2008, 2009; Pfeifer and Dapreto, 2009).”
Background
Preferences and beliefs in ingroup favoritism
Everett, J. A. C., Faber, N. S., & Crockett, M. J. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00015 · Cited by 286 · see citing works
“Further support is found in research on empathy, the complex and multifaceted ability to share the emotional states of others (Preston and de Waal, 2002; de Waal, 2008).”
Insular cortex mediates approach and avoidance responses to social affective stimuli
Rogers-Carter, M. M., Varela, J. A., Gribbons, K. B., Pierce, A. F., McGoey, M. T., Ritchey, M., & Christianson, J. P. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0071-y · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Reducing racial disparities in pain treatment: The role of empathy and perspective-taking
Drwecki, B. B., Moore, C. F., Ward, S. E., & Prkachin, K. M. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.12.005 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Thinking chickens: a review of cognition, emotion, and behavior in the domestic chicken
Marino, L. (2017) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-016-1064-4 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
Empathy for the social suffering of friends and strangers recruits distinct patterns of brain activation
Meyer, M. L., Masten, C. L., Ma, Y., Wang, C., Shi, Z., Eisenberger, N. I., & Han, S. (2012) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nss019 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Chimpanzees’ flexible targeted helping based on an understanding of conspecifics’ goals
Yamamoto, S., Humle, T., & Tanaka, M. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1108517109 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Stress reduction through consolation in chimpanzees
Fraser, O. N., Stahl, D. R., & Aureli, F. (2008) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0804141105 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
CHI '14 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems
Ferguson, R. D. (2014) · doi:10.1145/2559206 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Prosocial primates: selfish and unselfish motivations
de Waal, F. Β. Μ., & Suchak, M. (2010) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2010.0119 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
Spontaneous prosocial choice by chimpanzees
Horner, V., Carter, J. D., Suchak, M., & de Waal, F. Β. Μ. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1111088108 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Integrating Empathy and Interpersonal Emotion Regulation
Zaki, J. (2019) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050830 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press www.annualreviews.org • Empathy and Interpersonal Emotion Regulation 18.19 deWaal F. 2008.”
BackgroundInfluential
Consolation as possible expression of sympathetic concern among chimpanzees
Romero, T., Castellanos, M. A., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1006991107 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“Although consolation may be expected to be reciprocated or exchanged for other valuable services (31), no study has investigated correlations between given and received consolation.”
BackgroundInfluential
Towards a neuroscience of empathy: Ontogeny, phylogeny, brain mechanisms, context and psychopathology
Gonzalez-Liencres, C., Shamay‐Tsoory, S., & Brüne, M. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.05.001 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Surveying the Moral Landscape
Janoff‐Bulman, R., & Carnes, N. C. (2013) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868313480274 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
“…reciprocity).4 Recently, however, we have begun to witness a sea-change, with altruism acknowledged as a true and fundamental side of human nature (see, for example, Batson, 1998; Bowles, 2006; Boyd, 2006; de Waal, 2008; Keltner, 2009; Nowak & Highfield, 2011; Sober & Wilson, 1998; Wilson, 2012).”
Background
The role of shared neural activations, mirror neurons, and morality in empathy – A critical comment
Lamm, C., & Majdandžić, J. (2015) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2014.10.008 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Different routes to limited empathy in the sexes: Examining the links between the Dark Triad and empathy
Jonason, P. K., Lyons, M. T., Bethell, E., & Ross, R. (2012) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.11.009 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Chapter 2 Reciprocal Altruism in Primates
(2009) · Advances in the Study of Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(09)39002-6 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
“I feel your pain”: A critical review of organizational research on empathy
Clark, M. A., Robertson, M. M., & Young, S. F. (2018) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2348 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
I'm Moral, but I Won't Help You: The Distinct Roles of Empathy and Justice in Donations
Lee, S., Winterich, K. P., & Ross, W. T. (2014) · Journal of Consumer Research · doi:10.1086/677226 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
Neurobiology of Wisdom
Meeks, T. W., & Jeste, D. V. (2009) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2009.8 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
The affective labor of growing forests and the becoming of environmental subjects: Rethinking environmentality in Odisha, India
Singh, N. M. (2013) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2013.01.010 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Mitigating Psychological Reactance: The Role of Message-Induced Empathy in Persuasion
Shen, L. (2010) · Human Communication Research · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2958.2010.01381.x · Cited by 235 · see citing works
Empathic Care and Distress: Predictive Brain Markers and Dissociable Brain Systems
Ashar, Y. K., Andrews‐Hanna, J. R., Dimidjian, S., & Wager, T. D. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.05.014 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
“Distinctions among multiple systems are central to recent conceptualizations of empathy and compassion (Ashar et al., 2016a; de Waal, 2008; Kanske et al., 2016; Shamay-Tsoory et al., 2009; Singer and Klimecki, 2014; Zaki and Ochsner, 2012).”
Background
Contagious yawning in gelada baboons as a possible expression of empathy
Palagi, E., Leone, A., Mancini, G., & Ferrari, P. F. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0910891106 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Rodent empathy and affective neuroscience
Panksepp, J. B., & Lahvis, G. P. (2011) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.05.013 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“Prompted in part by the research and writings of primatologist Franz de Waal, more principled and evolutionary based perspectives on empathy have emerged (de Waal, 2008).”
Background
Rats demonstrate helping behavior toward a soaked conspecific
Sato, N., Tan, L., Tate, K., & Okada, M. (2015) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-015-0872-2 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Storied-places in a multispecies city
Van Dooren, T., & Rose, D. B. (2012) · Humanimalia · doi:10.52537/humanimalia.10046 · Cited by 224 · see citing works

Authors: de Waal, F. B. M.
Affiliations: Living Links, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, and Psychology Department, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
Venue: Annual Review of Psychology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2008-01-01
Volume: 59
Issue: 1
Pages: 279-300
ISSN: 0066-4308 (ISSN-L)
1545-2085
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625
OpenAlex: W2134084792
Cited by: 2,483
References: 183
Citations by year: 2026: 131 · 2025: 138 · 2024: 165 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 176 · 2021: 191 · 2020: 139 · 2019: 216 · 2018: 177 · 2017: 165 · 2016: 130 · 2015: 154 · 2014: 127 · 2013: 103 · 2012: 87
FWCI: 8.18
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Psychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
Keywords: empathy, altruism, evolution of empathy, perspective taking, kin selection, reciprocal altruism, emotional contagion, evolutionary psychology of emotion
MeSH terms: Affect, Altruism, Cooperative Behavior, Empathy, Biological Evolution, Humans, Social Behavior, Intention

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Cites

Cited by

Related

Record

About these checks