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Cited by 14Language Development and DisordersReading and Literacy DevelopmentNeurobiology of Language and Bilingualism

Word reading in monolingual and bilingual children with developmental language disorder

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de Bree, Elise H., Boerma, Tessel, Hakvoort, Britt, Blom, Elma, van den Boer, Madelon·2022·Learning and Individual Differences
DOI 10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102185
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Abstract

Many children with developmental language disorder (DLD) are reported to have word reading difficulties. However, previous research has focused mostly on monolingual children. The present study used two existing datasets to assess word reading outcomes of bilingual children with DLD. In Study 1, we compared word reading outcomes of monolingual and bilingual children with and without DLD (n = 93 monolingual DLD; n = 33 bilingual DLD, n = 42 monolingual TD; n = 74 bilingual TD). In Study 2, we compared those of monolingual (n = 91) and bilingual children with DLD (n = 51) on the basis of school record data. Findings from both studies show mean poor word reading outcomes and a high incidence of poor readers in the groups of children with DLD. Despite lower oral language outcomes of bilingual children in the mainstream language, reading outcomes of monolingual and bilingual children (with/without DLD) did not differ or outcomes were even better for the bilingual children. Overall, these findings indicate that DLD is a risk factor for word reading difficulties, while bilingualism is not.

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  • Stratifying base rates using a measure of crystalized intelligence (as defined by the NIHTB-CB with measures of receptive vocabulary and single word reading) may underestimate the abilities of English language learners and youth with certain neurodevelopmental disorders, such as reading disorder (dyslexia) and language disorder.

    “stratifying base rates using a measure of crystalized intelligence (as defined by the NIHTB-CB with measures of receptive vocabulary and single word reading) may underestimate the abilities of English language learners (Ortiz, 2019) and youth with certain neurodevelopmental disorders, such as reading disorder (i.e., dyslexia) and language disorder (de Bree et al., 2022; Gray et al., 2019).”

    From Cognitive weaknesses or impairments on the NIH toolbox cognition battery in children and adolescents: base rates in a normative sample and proposed methods for classification (2025) · cites this paper as de Bree et al., 2022

    In “DLD and word reading” (page unavailable), the paper reports that children with developmental language disorder often have smaller vocabularies and lower word-reading outcomes than typically developing peers. Its results also find below-average word-reading outcomes in the DLD groups. It does not test whether NIHTB-CB crystallized-intelligence scores used to stratify base rates underestimate broader abilities, or establish that claim for children with dyslexia. (LLM, conf=0.85)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
de Bree, E. H., Boerma, T., Hakvoort, B., Blom, E., & van den Boer, M.
Affiliations
Utrecht University (NL)
ORCID
Venue
Learning and Individual Differences
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2022-08
Volume
98
Pages
102185
ISSN
1041-6080 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102185
OpenAlex
W4290973613
Cited by
14
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1
FWCI
4.95
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Learning and Individual Differences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders
NWO
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
Keywords
specific language impairment, word reading, bilingual children, monolingual children, reading difficulties, bilingualism, student records

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