Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Komagataeibacter europaeus enhance energy metabolism, acetic acid and aromatic amino acids catabolism flux in cider vinegar fermentation
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Fruit vinegar is typically produced through a two-stage submerged fermentation involving Saccharomyces cerevisiae (alcohol fermentation) and Acetobacter pasteurianus (acetic acid fermentation). In order to enhance its flavor and nutritional properties, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum and Komagataeibacter europaeus were introduced into the respective stages. The fermentation process was monitored to assess their individual and combined effects, while non-targeted metabolomic analysis aided amino acids and organic acids analysis was applied to characterize the metabolic profiles and identify the differential metabolites. Lactic acid accumulated by L. plantarum, enhanced energy metabolism and ethanol respiratory chain, thereby promoting the K. europaeus growth. In the presence of K. europaeus, A. pasteurianus biomass increased 36–57%, leading to elevated acetic acid synthesis. The co-fermentation systems, especially those containing K. europaeus, exhibited enhanced conversion of shikimic acid to aromatic amino acids and their derivatives such as ferulic acid, isoferulic acid, serotonin, l-kynuanine, phenylacetaldehyde and benzaldehyde. The co-fermentation with K. europaeus and L. plantarum resulted in an enhancement of ethyl phenylacetate, ethyl lactate and ethyl hexanoate production, thereby intensifying the fruity aroma profile. The findings presented here contributed to a deeper comprehension of bioconversion mechanism involving multiple species in cider vinegar fermentation processes.
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Komagataeibacter europaeus enhances the conversion of shikimic acid to aromatic amino acids and their derivatives, such as ferulic acid and phenylacetaldehyde, thereby improving the flavor characteristics of apple vinegar.
“Komagataeibacter europaeus enhances the conversion of shikimic acid to aromatic amino acids and their derivatives, such as ferulic acid and phenylacetaldehyde, thereby improving the flavor characteristics of apple vinegar [35].”
From The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
Nonanal and decanal are the aldehydes with the highest odor activity values in jujube vinegar, serving as key compounds that contribute to its floral and fruity aroma.
“Nonanal and decanal are the aldehydes with the highest odor activity values in jujube vinegar, serving as key compounds that contribute to its floral and fruity aroma.”
From The Metabolic Pathways of Yeast and Acetic Acid Bacteria During Fruit Vinegar Fermentation and Their Influence on Flavor Development (2025) · cites this paper as [35]
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- Authors
- Li, Y.-N., Peng, M.-Y., Lu, Z.-M., Dong, Y.-L., Chai, L.-J., Shi, J.-S., Zhang, X.-J., & Xu, Z.-H.
- Affiliations
- Jiangnan University (CN)
- Venue
- LWT
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2024-04
- Volume
- 198
- Pages
- 115968
- ISSN
- 0023-6438 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4392896379
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4
- FWCI
- 6.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- LWT (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (32372314, 31771967)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Fermentation and Sensory Analysis
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Microbial metabolism and enzyme function
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- Lactobacillus plantarum, Komagataeibacter europaeus, Acetobacter pasteurianus, co-fermentation, energy metabolism, acetic acid production, aromatic amino acids, shikimate pathway, lactic acid, ethyl phenylacetate, ethyl hexanoate, ethyl lactate, untargeted metabolomics
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