A bilayer vascular scaffold with spatially controlled release of growth factors to enhance in situ rapid endothelialization and smooth muscle regeneration
Open accessAbstract
When transplanting a scaffold to repair defected vascular tissues, there is a critical need to achieve in-situ rapid endothelialization together with the circumferential alignment and ingrowth of smooth muscle cells. To this end, we hereby design and fabricate a bilayer vascular scaffold with spatially controlled release of growth factors. The lumen of such a scaffold was made of electrospun poly(l-lactide-co-caprolactone) and collagen (PLCL/COL) nanofibers loaded with uniform heparin and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGF), while its outer layer was composed of circumferentially aligned, PLCL/COL nanofiber yarns loaded with graded platelet derived growth factors (PDGF) increasing from the outermost toward the interior of the scaffold. With the controlled release of VEGF and PDGF from the scaffold, we showed a continuous greater release percentage (ca. 15%) of VEGF relative to PDGF over a duration of almost one month in vitro. At two-month post implantation in a rat abdominal aorta defect model, we observed rapid endothelialization at the luminal surface and orientated smooth muscles infiltrating inside the vascular wall. In particular, loose connective tissues rich in collagen fibers were produced at the outermost layer of the vascular scaffold, indicating the capability of such kind of vascular scaffold for in-situ vascular repair or regeneration.
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PLCL surface modification or covalent binding of bioactive molecules such as cell adhesion factors and cell growth factors can further improve compatibility with specific cells.
“PLCL surface modification or covalent binding of bioactive molecules, such as cell adhesion factors and cell growth factors, can further improve their compatibility with specific cells [25–27].”
From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [27]
Section 3.3 reports improved proliferation of endothelial progenitor cells and smooth muscle cells on PLCL/collagen scaffolds incorporating VEGF and PDGF, respectively. Section 2.1 describes loading these factors into electrospun fibers, not covalently binding them or modifying the PLCL surface. The cellular benefit is supported, but the specified modification methods are not. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering
Zhao, Y., & Liu, H. (2026) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10856-026-07016-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“PLCL surface modi fi cation or covalent binding of bioactive molecules, such as cell adhesion factors and cell growth factors, can further improve their compatibility with speci fi c cells [25 – 27].”
- Authors
- Wang, Y., Wu, T., Zhang, J., Feng, Z., Yin, M., & Mo, X.
- Affiliations
- Qingdao University (CN)
- Fudan University (CN)
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University (CN)
- Donghua University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Wu, Tong
- Yin, Meng
- Mo, Xiumei
- Venue
- Materials & Design
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 204
- Pages
- 109649
- ISSN
- 0264-1275 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3133764056
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Materials & Design (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Donghua University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Electrospun Nanofibers in Biomedical Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Keywords
- endothelialization, vascular tissue engineering, electrospun nanofibers, poly(L-lactide-co-ε-caprolactone), collagen, heparin, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, vascular regeneration
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