Fully biodegradable PLA composite with improved mechanical properties via 3D printing
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PCL typically exhibits moderate tensile strength of 10-40 MPa and elongation at break up to 600%, depending on molecular weight, degree of crystallinity, and processing conditions.
“PCL typically exhibits moderate tensile strength (10–40 MPa) and remarkable elongation at break (up to 600%), depending on the molecular weight, degree of crystallinity, and the processing conditions [32,48]”
BNC is biosynthesized by microbial fermentation and is valued for its ultrafine network structure, high purity, and superior water-holding capacity, making it especially suitable for biomedical applications.
“In contrast, BNC is biosynthesized by microbial fermentation and is valued for its ultrafine network structure, high purity, and superior water-holding capacity, which make it especially suitable for biomedical applications [32]”
Composites of PLA/PCL exhibit improved tensile strength, modulus, and toughness compared to neat PLA/PCL blends.
“Performance-wise, studies summarized in Table 5 report that composites of PLA/PCL exhibit improved tensile strength, modulus, and toughness compared to neat PLA/PCL blends [24,25,31,32].”
The enhanced crystallinity (~60%) associated with TOBC supported better structural integrity.
“The enhanced crystallinity (~60%), associated with TOBC, also supported better structural integrity [32].”
In some studies, nanocellulose yielded PLA/PCL blend composites with balanced toughness and strength, improved elongation at break, and enhanced thermal behavior.
“In some studies, the use of NC has yielded PLA/PCL blend composites with balanced toughness and strength, improved elongation at break and enhanced thermal behavior [24,27,31,32]”
There are three main types of nanocellulose: cellulose nanocrystals, cellulose nanofibrils, and bacterial nanocellulose, each with distinct structural and physical characteristics.
“Studies in the literature have identified three main types of NC, namely cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs), cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs), and bacterial nanocellulose (BNC), each with distinct structural and physical characteristics [21,32,36]”
Reinforcement strategies improve interfacial adhesion, dispersion, and composite functionality in PLA/PCL-based composites.
“The literature shows that reinforcement strategies improve interfacial adhesion, dispersion, and composite functionality [24,27,31,32,33,34,89].”
The PLA/PCL/TOBC composite, manufactured via 3D printing and using TEMPO oxidation surface modification, showed a 17.4% increase in tensile strength, alongside a 208% increase in elongation at break.
“For example, the PLA/PCL/TEMPO-oxidized bacterial cellulose (TOBC) composite, manufactured via 3D printing and using TEMPO oxidation surface modification, showed a 17.4% increase in tensile strength, alongside a 208% increase in elongation at break.”
Achieving uniform dispersion and strong interfacial bonding remains a major challenge in PLA/PCL nanocomposites.
“However, achieving uniform dispersion and strong interfacial bonding remains a major challenge [96], often addressed through surface modification of fillers or compatibilizers tailored to interact with both the polymer matrix and the various fillers [25,32].”
Cites
Multifunctional nanostructured PLA materials for packaging and tissue engineering
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Toughening of polylactic acid: an overview of research progress
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Crystallization behavior of poly(lactic acid)/microfibrillated cellulose composite
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Ngwenya, M., Gumede, T. P., Pérez Camargo, R. A., & Motloung, B. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18225172 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“In contrast, BNC is biosynthesized by microbial fermentation and is valued for its ultrafine network structure, high purity, and superior water-holding capacity, which make it especially suitable for biomedical applications [32].”
- Authors
- Chen, Y., Lu, T., Li, L., Zhang, H., Wang, H., & Ke, F.
- Affiliations
- Donghua University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ke, Fuyou
- Venue
- Materials Letters
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-01
- Volume
- 331
- Pages
- 133543
- ISSN
- 0167-577X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4309293935
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 13
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7
- FWCI
- 1.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Materials Letters (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › biodegradable polymer synthesis and properties
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Natural Fiber Reinforced Composites
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Keywords
- polylactic acid, polycaprolactone, ternary polymer composites, Pickering emulsions, 3D printing, biodegradable polymers, heterogeneous nucleation, mechanical properties, tensile strength, elongation at break, fluidity, toughening
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