Cited by 662Medical Image Segmentation TechniquesAdvanced Neural Network ApplicationsDomain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning

Loss odyssey in medical image segmentation

Open access
Ma, Jun, Chen, Jianan, Ng, Matthew, Huang, Rui, Li, Yu, Li, Chen, Yang, Xiaoping, Martel, Anne L.·2021·Medical Image Analysis

Abstract

The loss function is an important component in deep learning-based segmentation methods. Over the past five years, many loss functions have been proposed for various segmentation tasks. However, a systematic study of the utility of these loss functions is missing. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of segmentation loss functions in an organized manner. We also conduct the first large-scale analysis of 20 general loss functions on four typical 3D segmentation tasks involving six public datasets from 10+ medical centers. The results show that none of the losses can consistently achieve the best performance on the four segmentation tasks, but compound loss functions (e.g. Dice with TopK loss, focal loss, Hausdorff distance loss, and boundary loss) are the most robust losses. Our code and segmentation results are publicly available and can serve as a loss function benchmark. We hope this work will also provide insights on new loss function development for the community.

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Crossref · 10.1016/j.media.2021.102035

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Authors
Ma, J., Chen, J., Ng, M., Huang, R., Li, Y., Li, C., Yang, X., & Martel, A. L.
Affiliations
  • Nanjing University of Science and Technology (CN)
  • University of Toronto (CA)
  • Nanjing University (CN)
Corresponding author
Ma, Jun
Venue
Medical Image Analysis
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2021-07
Volume
71
Pages
102035
ISSN
1361-8415 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3136424010
Cited by
662
References
56
Citations by year
2026: 91 · 2025: 164 · 2024: 147 · 2023: 125 · 2022: 104 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 1 · 2013: 1
FWCI
36.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Medical Image Analysis (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
National Natural Science Foundation of China
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Medical Image Segmentation Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Advanced Neural Network Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Domain Adaptation and Few-Shot Learning
Keywords
medical image segmentation, 3D medical image segmentation, Dice loss, focal loss, boundary loss, compound loss function, loss function comparison
MeSH terms
Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Neural Networks, Computer

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