Towards a low-carbon society: A review of lithium resource availability, challenges and innovations in mining, extraction and recycling, and future perspectives

Geochemistry of hydrothermal ore deposits

(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-2126 · Cited by 3,853

From Lithium‐Ion to Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Advantages, Challenges, and Surprises

Nayak, P. K., Yang, L., Brehm, W., & Adelhelm, P. (2017) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201703772 · Cited by 2,688

The lithium-ion battery: State of the art and future perspectives

Zubi, G., Dufo‐López, R., Carvalho, M., & Paşaoğlu, G. (2018) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.002 · Cited by 2,681

Recovery and recycling of lithium: a review

Swain, B. (2017) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2016.08.031 · Cited by 1,713

The Essential Toxin: Impact of Zinc on Human Health

Plum, L. M., Rink, L., & Haase, H. (2010) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph7041342 · Cited by 1,577

Is lithium the new gold?

Tarascon, J. (2010) · Nature Chemistry · doi:10.1038/nchem.680 · Cited by 1,165

Global lithium resources: relative importance of pegmatite, brine and other deposits

Kesler, S. E., Gruber, P. W., Medina, P. A., Keoleian, G. A., Everson, M. P., & Wallington, T. J. (2012) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.05.006 · Cited by 1,140

Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high- and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources

Hein, J. R., Mizell, K., Koschinsky, A., & Conrad, T. A. (2012) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2012.12.001 · Cited by 1,121

Potential of lithium-ion batteries in renewable energy

Diouf, B., & Pode, R. (2015) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2014.11.058 · Cited by 1,120

Recycling of Spent Lithium-Ion Battery: A Critical Review

Zeng, X., Li, J., & Singh, N. P. (2013) · Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology · doi:10.1080/10643389.2013.763578 · Cited by 956

A global biological conservation horizon scan of issues for 2023

Sutherland, W. J., Bennett, C., Brotherton, P. N. M., Butterworth, H. M., Clout, M. N., Côté, I. M., Dinsdale, J., Esmail, N., Fleishman, E., Gaston, K. J., et al. (2022) · Trends in Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.tree.2022.10.005 · Cited by 36

A contribution to understanding ion-exchange mechanisms for lithium recovery from industrial effluents of lithium-ion battery recycling operations

Salces, A. M., Kelly, N., Streblow, G. J., Temel, E. T., Rudolph, M., Chagnes, A., & Vanderbruggen, A. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.112951 · Cited by 35

A comprehensive review on the challenges associated with lithium-ion batteries and their possible solutions

Fazal, S., Ahmad, F., Khan, M. I., Shanableh, A., & Manzoor, S. (2024) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4nj02397h · Cited by 35

Single Lithium-Ion Conductor Decorated LiMn 2 O 4 with High Selectivity and Stability for Electrochemical Lithium Extraction

Xue, N., Wu, X., Shi, H., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Lv, Y., Zhang, X., Chen, X., Yu, Y., & Liu, W. (2024) · ACS Nano · doi:10.1021/acsnano.4c15473 · Cited by 35

Solar-driven fast and selective extraction of lithium from seawater enabled by unidirectional photothermal conversion and confined crystallization with facile synthesis of nanoarray evaporator

Liu, Q., Yu, Z. T., Zhang, Y., Mao, K., Xiang, W., Guo, S., Xiong, T., & Tan, S. C. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.159990 · Cited by 35

Preparation of LiFePO4 composite based on dual carbon sources of phytic acid and glucose and its performance for lithium extraction from salt lake

Wang, L., Zhou, Y., Chen, W., Jiang, J., & Guo, Z. (2022) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122605 · Cited by 35

Microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis of lithium ion-sieve for adsorption of lithium ion in coal gangue leaching solution

Long, X., Liu, C., Yang, Y. M., Dong, B., Chen, H., Zhang, L., Pan, J., & Zhou, C. (2023) · Colloids and Surfaces A Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.132819 · Cited by 34

Agglomeration-flotation of finely ground chalcopyrite using surfactant-stabilized oil emulsions: Effects of co-existing minerals and ions

Hornn, V., Park, I., Ito, M., Shimada, H., Suto, T., Tabelin, C. B., Jeon, S., & Hiroyoshi, N. (2021) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107076 · Cited by 34

Selective recovery and re-utilization of lithium: prospects for the use of membrane methods

Butylskii, D. Y., Dammak, L., Larchet, C., Pismenskaya, N. D., & Nikonenko, V. (2023) · Russian Chemical Reviews · doi:10.57634/rcr5074 · Cited by 35

Improving China’s Global Lithium Resource Development Capacity

Li, H., Zhu, T., Chen, X., Liu, H., & He, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.938534 · Cited by 33

Nanofiltration membrane with a zwitterion-g-C3N4 composite interlayer for Mg2+/Li+ separation

Ma, L., Bi, Q., Zhou, W., Liu, X., Qi, F., Zhang, H., Gao, Y., & Xu, S. (2023) · Journal of Water Process Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jwpe.2023.103751 · Cited by 33

Direct lithium extraction from α-Spodumene using NaOH roasting and water leaching

Subasinghe, H. C. S., & Rezaee, M. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.159661 · Cited by 33

Sustainable lithium recovery from geothermal brine via integrated membrane distillation – selective electrodialysis

Zegeye, R. B., Tufa, R. A., Santoro, S., Inzillo, B. M., Aquino, M., Politano, G. G., Embaye, A. S., Argurio, P., Bartolo, L. D., & Curcio, E. (2025) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4gc06530a · Cited by 37

Advances in integrated membrane processes for sustainable lithium extraction

Tufa, R. A., Santoro, S., Flores-Fernández, C., Zegeye, R. B., Fuentealba, D., Aquino, M., Barraza, B., Inzillo, B. M., Nasirov, S., D'Andrea, G., et al. (2025) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2025.118899 · Cited by 35

Lithium selective membranes for direct lithium extraction from complex brine

Guo, Z., Wang, J., Zhang, P., Wang, L., Lai, Z., & Ji, Z. (2025) · Progress in Materials Science · doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2025.101582 · Cited by 37

Enhanced cementation of Cd2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+ on Al from sulfate solutions by activated carbon addition

Choi, S., Jeon, S., Park, I., Tabelin, C. B., Ito, M., & Hiroyoshi, N. (2021) · Hydrometallurgy · doi:10.1016/j.hydromet.2021.105580 · Cited by 35

Potential impacts of proposed lithium extraction on biodiversity and conservation in the contiguous United States

Parker, S. S., Clifford, M. J., & Cohen, B. S. (2023) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168639 · Cited by 32

Geological Insights into Exploration and Extraction of Lithium from Oilfield Produced-Water in the USA: A Review

Ettehadi, A., Chuprin, M., Mokhtari, M., Gang, D. D., Wortman, P. B., & Heydari, E. (2024) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c00732 · Cited by 40

Internal Electric Field Built on Heterointerface of H 2 TiO 3 /H 4 Ti 5 O 12 Hybrid Enabling Promoted Li Extraction Performance

Du, X., Qu, W., Wan, Z., Wang, Q., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.3c02445 · Cited by 32

Comparison of Positive Electrode Separation by Electrical Pulsed Discharge in Underwater and Air Environments

Lim, S., Teruya, K., Mizumoto, F., Asao, M., Koita, T., Namihira, T., & Tokoro, C. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science · doi:10.1109/tps.2022.3202808 · Cited by 31

Ecotoxicological effects of soil lithium on earthworm Eisenia fetida: Lethality, bioaccumulation, biomarker responses, and histopathological changes

Xu, Z., Zhang, Z., & Wang, X. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121748 · Cited by 31

Unlocking the potential: Mining tailings as a source of sustainable nanomaterials

Barraza, F. P., Thiyagarajan, D., Ramadoss, A., Manikandan, V. S., Dhanabalan, S. S., Abarzúa, C. V., Soloaga, P. S., Nazer, J. C., Morel, M. J., & Thirumurugan, A. (2024) · Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2024.114665 · Cited by 32

Repurposing of aluminum scrap into magnetic Al0/ZVI bimetallic materials: Two-stage mechanical-chemical synthesis and characterization of products

Tabelin, C. B., Resabal, V. J. T., Park, I., Villanueva, M. G. B., Choi, S., Ebio, R., Cabural, P. J., Villacorte-Tabelin, M., Orbecido, A. H., Alorro, R. D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128285 · Cited by 31

A New Type of Li Deposit: Hydrothermal Crypto-Explosive Breccia Pipe Type

Jiang, S., Su, H.-M., Zhu, X., Zhu, K., & Duan, Z.-P. (2022) · Journal of Earth Science · doi:10.1007/s12583-022-1736-8 · Cited by 31

Review of technologies to extract lithium from hard rock lithium minerals

Yang, M., Zhong, Y., Liu, X., Wang, S., & Qu, T. (2025) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109577 · Cited by 30

Extraction of lithium as lithium phosphate from bauxite mine tailings via mixed acid leaching and chemical precipitation

Wu, L. H., Zhang, J., Huang, Z., Zhang, Y., Xie, F., Zhang, S., & Fan, H.-P. (2023) · Ore Geology Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2023.105621 · Cited by 32

Considering the development levels of countries, contributions of mineral recovery from mining tailings and urban mining wastes to sustainability criteria – A review

Yıldız, T. D. (2024) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105399 · Cited by 29

Comprehensive review of lithium extraction processes with economic and environmental analysis

Abrishami, S., Gonbadi, M., Boroumand, Y., Golmohammadi, M., Narimani, M., Sarmadi, A., Matthews, C., Estay, H., Khiadani, M., & Razmjou, A. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.135582 · Cited by 33

Extracting Li+ from high Na/Li solution and comparing the affinity of nonylphenol oxygen anion to Na+ and Li+

Zhao, R., Ying, Z., Sun, H., Wei, Q., & Ren, X. (2023) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124189 · Cited by 29

Fe(III)/Fe(II) Redox-Based Lithium Extraction/Recovery from Liquid- and Solid-Phase Lithium Resources

Li, X., Yao, Y., Guo, B. K., Wu, W., Lu, S., Qin, W., & Wu, X. (2024) · ACS Energy Letters · doi:10.1021/acsenergylett.3c02635 · Cited by 30

Highly flexible and electrochemically stable Mg-ion conducting gel polymer electrolyte based on PVdF-HFP/PMMA blend for application in magnesium batteries

Kumari, P., & Hashmi, S. A. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.115389 · Cited by 27

Carbon Footprint of Battery-Grade Lithium Chemicals in China

Liu, M., Wang, F., Zhang, S., Xiong, Y., Liu, Z., Pan, X., Lin, G., Gomez, D. J. D. C., He, X., Al-Moniee, M. A., et al. (2025) · ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering · doi:10.1021/acssuschemeng.4c08394 · Cited by 26

Lithium extraction from β-LiAlSi2O6 using Na2CO3 through thermal reaction

Grasso, M. L., González, J. A., & Gennari, F. C. (2021) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107349 · Cited by 27

Explosion characteristic of CH4–H2-Air mixtures vented by encapsulated large-scale Li-ion battery under thermal runaway

Meng, L., Wang, G. F., See, K. W., Wang, Y. P., Zhang, Y., Zang, C. Y., Li, S., & Xie, B. (2023) · Energy · doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.127816 · Cited by 27

Navigating materials chemical space to discover new battery electrodes using machine learning

Adam, M. L., Moses, O. A., Mailoa, J. P., Hsieh, C., Yu, X., Li, H., & Zhao, H. (2023) · Energy storage materials · doi:10.1016/j.ensm.2023.103090 · Cited by 27

Pressure leach of β-spodumene with carbonic acid: Weak acid process for extraction of lithium

Alhadad, M. F., Oskierski, H. C., Chischi, J., Senanayake, G., Schulz, B., Suvorova, A. A., Gain, S., & Dlugogorski, B. Z. (2023) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108398 · Cited by 26

Synergies between the circular economy and carbon emission reduction

Wang, N., Bai, Y., Guo, Z., Yu, F., & Meng, F. (2024) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175603 · Cited by 26

Resource Availability and Implications for the Development of Plug-In Electric Vehicles

Egbue, O., Long, S. K., & Kim, S. D. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14031665 · Cited by 28

Electrochemical Approach for Lithium Recovery from Spent Lithium-Ion Batteries: Opportunities and Challenges

Xing, Z., & Srinivasan, M. (2024) · ACS Sustainable Resource Management · doi:10.1021/acssusresmgt.4c00003 · Cited by 28

Selective lithium recovery from pyrolyzed black mass through optimized caustic leaching

Joshi, B. D., Prasetyo, E., & Bandyopadhyay, S. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.113787 · Cited by 25

Integrated Analysis of Pollution Characteristic and Ecotoxicological Effect Reveals the Fate of Lithium in Soil-Plant Systems: A Challenge to Global Sustainability

Xu, Z., Peng, S., Pei, L., Zhou, K., & Wang, X. (2024) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.4c02471 · Cited by 26

Electrolyte Chemistry Development for Sodium‐Based Batteries: A Blueprint from Lithium or a Step Toward Originality?

Song, Z., Xing, Z., Yang, J., Chen, J., Hu, W., Li, P., Feng, W., Eshetu, G. G., Figgemeier, E., Passerini, S., et al. (2025) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.202424543 · Cited by 28

Lithium-Sodium Separation by a Lithium Composite Membrane Used in Electrodialysis Process: Concept Validation

Ounissi, T., Ammar, R. B., Larchet, C., Chaabane, L., Baklouti, L., Dammak, L., & Hmida, E. S. B. H. (2022) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes12020244 · Cited by 26

Acid Mine Drainage Treatment Using a Process Train with Laterite Mine Waste, Concrete Waste, and Limestone as Treatment Media

Turingan, C. O. A., Cordero, K. S., Santos, A. L., Tan, G. S. L., Tabelin, C. B., Alorro, R. D., & Orbecido, A. H. (2022) · Water · doi:10.3390/w14071070 · Cited by 25

From technology to economy: An evaluation of engineering in direct Lithium extraction

Moshkova, M. A., Doroshenko, I. V., Filippova, I. S., Mi, X., Krivoshapkin, P. V., & Krivoshapkina, E. F. (2025) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2025.119332 · Cited by 27

Thermal runaway hazard assessment of sodium-ion and lithium-ion batteries under different state-of-charge conditions

Guo, J., Huang, Q., Chen, Q., & Liu, C. (2025) · Journal of Energy Storage · doi:10.1016/j.est.2025.118783 · Cited by 24

Lithium Metal: The Key to Green Transportation

Lindagato, P., Li, Y., Macháček, J., Yang, G., Mungwarakarama, I., Ndahimana, A., & Ntwali, H. P. K. (2022) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13010405 · Cited by 26

The energy transition paradox: how lithium extraction puts pressure on environment, society, and politics

Wolters, L., & Brusselaers, J. (2024) · The Extractive Industries and Society · doi:10.1016/j.exis.2024.101498 · Cited by 16

Sustainable process design for lithium recovery from geothermal brines using chemical precipitation

Nikkhah, H., Maria, A. D., Granata, G., & Beykal, B. (2024) · Resources Conservation and Recycling · doi:10.1016/j.resconrec.2024.107980 · Cited by 28

Selective lithium extraction from salt-lake brine using LATP-incorporated cellulose membranes in electrically driven systems

Seo, D., Lee, J., Kong, S. R., Sim, G., & Park, Y. (2024) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2024.123676 · Cited by 24

The evolution of electric and hybrid vehicles and their influence on sustainable transport: A review and future research lines

de Vicente, A., Camperos, M. C., & Almonacid-Durán, M. (2025) · Sustainable Technology and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1016/j.stae.2025.100100 · Cited by 34

A promising approach for efficient and selective extraction of lithium from clay-type lithium resource: Process optimization and reaction mechanism

Qiu, H., Shao, S. X., Zhang, B., Li, B., Wang, H., & Wei, Y. (2025) · Process Safety and Environmental Protection · doi:10.1016/j.psep.2025.106848 · Cited by 23

Oriented UiO‐67 Metal–Organic Framework Membrane with Fast and Selective Lithium‐Ion Transport

Xu, R., Kang, Y., Zhang, W., Zhang, X., & Pan, B. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202115443 · Cited by 23

Alkaline Leaching and Concurrent Cementation of Dissolved Pb and Zn from Zinc Plant Leach Residues

Silwamba, M., Ito, M., Hiroyoshi, N., Tabelin, C. B., Hashizume, R., Fukushima, T., Park, I., Jeon, S., Igarashi, T., Satō, T., et al. (2022) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min12040393 · Cited by 23

Influences of lithium on soil properties and enzyme activities

Xu, Z., Zhang, Z., Peng, S., Yuan, Y., & Wang, X. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137458 · Cited by 28

Characterization and Resource Potential of Li in the Clay Minerals of Mahai Salt Lake in the Qaidam Basin, China

Pan, T., Chen, J., He, M., Ding, C., Ma, Y., Liang, H., Zhang, T., & Du, X. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su151914067 · Cited by 24

Direct Lithium Extraction from Canadian Oil and Gas Produced Water Using Functional Ionic Liquids—A Preliminary Study

Wang, X., Numedahl, N., & Jiang, C. (2024) · Applied Geochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.apgeochem.2024.106126 · Cited by 22

LiNi Mn O4 for multicycle electrochemical selective recovery of lithium from lithium-ion battery leachate

Arby, D. S., Chung, E., Jang, Y., & Lee, J. (2023) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2023.124453 · Cited by 22

Adsorption of lithium ions from aqueous solution by magnetic aluminum-based adsorbents

Qin, Y., Yang, T., Shi, C., & Liu, B. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0295269 · Cited by 24

Progress and Prospect of Ion Imprinting Technology in Targeted Extraction of Lithium

Zhi, K., Duan, J., Zhang, J., Huang, L., Guo, L., & Wang, L. (2024) · Polymers · doi:10.3390/polym16060833 · Cited by 22

Coal and Coal By-Products as Unconventional Lithium Sources: A Review of Occurrence Modes and Hydrometallurgical Strategies for Metal Recovery

Rudnik, E. (2024) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min14080849 · Cited by 24

Advances in electrochemical recovery of valuable metals: A focus on lithium

Suu, L., Lim, J., Lee, J., Choi, Y., & Choi, J.-S. (2025) · Desalination · doi:10.1016/j.desal.2025.118960 · Cited by 23

High recovery of lithium from coal residue by roasting and sulfuric acid leaching

Xie, Y., Ni, C., Han, Z., Zhong, H., He, Z., & Sun, W. (2023) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2023.108284 · Cited by 25

ACS Spotlight: Bipolar Membranes for Electrochemical Energy Conversion, Chemical Manufacturing, and Separations

Kulkarni, T., Yang, B., Zhang, X., Kumar, R., & Arges, C. G. (2024) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.3c03260 · Cited by 23

Direct Lithium Extraction from Seawater Brine: An Assessment of Technology and Existing Commercial Systems

Al-Ghamdi, M. A., Altmann, T., & Das, R. (2025) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min15050512 · Cited by 25

Fabrication of High-Performance Nanofiltration Membrane Using Polydopamine and Carbon Nitride as the Interlayer

Ma, L., Bi, Q., Tang, Y., Zhang, C., Qi, F., Zhang, H., Gao, Y., & Xu, S. (2022) · Separations · doi:10.3390/separations9070180 · Cited by 21

Recent advances in tailings waste as geopolymers for construction: Current challenges and prospects

Feng, Z., Zhang, Z., Li, W., Hao, G., Xia, X., Li, P., & Zhu, K. (2025) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2025.109439 · Cited by 20

Lithium Slag as a Supplementary Cementitious Material for Sustainable Concrete: A Review

Razzazan, S., Mashaan, N. S., & Paraskeva, T. S. (2025) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma18153641 · Cited by 20

Control over cathodic deposition of continuous UiO-66 films for ion-selective transport

Xie, S., Monnens, W., Zhang, W., Guo, W., Han, N., Zhou, Z., Xue, Z., Vankelecom, I. F. J., Zhang, X., & Fransaer, J. (2023) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2023.101412 · Cited by 21

A sustainable method for lithium recovery from waste liquids: Thermodynamic analysis and application

Lv, Y., Ma, B., Liu, Y., Wang, C., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2023.111814 · Cited by 20

Length-Scale-Dependent Ion Dynamics in Ca-Doped Na 3 PS 4

Hogrefe, K., Königsreiter, J., Bernroitner, A., Gadermaier, B., Ashbrook, S. E., & Wilkening, M. (2024) · Chemistry of Materials · doi:10.1021/acs.chemmater.3c02874 · Cited by 20

Lithium selective receptors

Rajpurohit, D., Sharma, P., Bathvar, H., Syed, S., & Shrivastav, P. S. (2024) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2024.215968 · Cited by 20

Confinement-effect adsorbents based on titanium-based lithium ion sieve for efficient lithium adsorption under natural pH conditions

Ma, Y., Yu, H., Yang, Y. J., Zhang, T., Yao, J., Li, Y., Yongchen, Z., & Wang, W. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.169208 · Cited by 21

Synthesis of [100]-only LiFePO4 nanosheets for efficient electrochemical lithium extraction from low-grade brines

An, S., Li, Z., Wang, X., Xu, T., Feng, L., & Lai, Z. (2025) · Nature Water · doi:10.1038/s44221-025-00533-5 · Cited by 19

Spatial Planning, Environmental Activism, and Politics—Case Study of the Jadar Project for Lithium Exploitation in Serbia

Stefanović, N., Hristić, N. D., & Petrić, J. (2023) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su15021736 · Cited by 19

Rapid Analysis of Muscovites on a Lithium Pegmatite Prospect by Handheld LIBS

Harmon, R. S., Wise, M. A., Curry, A., Mistele, J. S., Mason, M. S., & Grimac, Z. (2023) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min13050697 · Cited by 19

Hydrothermal precipitation and separation of Li as intermediate product Li2SiO3 from the alkali leach liquor

Yang, H. F., Shao, S. X., Ma, B., Lv, Y., Chen, Y., & Wang, C. (2023) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138506 · Cited by 19

Selective Inhibition Mechanisms of Fe(III) in the Flotation of Lepidolite

Wang, F., Liu, L., Zhang, J., Cao, Y., He, J., & Li, G. (2024) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min14090851 · Cited by 19

The loss mechanism and recovery strategy of lithium during the decreasing of Mg2+/Li+ ratio in large solar salt field

Gao, Y., Wang, Z., Zhao, J., Du, W., Tang, N., Zhang, L., Wang, S., Tian, G., Wang, Y., Qin, J., et al. (2024) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108837 · Cited by 18

Sustainable recovery of critical metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using chitosan as biosorbent in citrate-sulfate media: A comprehensive isotherm, kinetic, and thermodynamic analysis

Roshanfar, M., Sartaj, M., & Kazemeini, S. (2025) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2025.124400 · Cited by 18

Lactic Acid-Based Solvents for Sustainable EDLC Electrolytes

Melchiorre, M., Esposito, R., Serio, M. D., Abbate, G., Lampasi, A., Balducci, A., & Ruffo, F. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14144250 · Cited by 18

Impact of Degree of Graphitization, Surface Properties and Particle Size Distribution on Electrochemical Performance of Carbon Anodes for Potassium‐Ion Batteries

Wrogemann, J. M., Fromm, O., Deckwirth, F., Beltrop, K., Heckmann, A., Winter, M., & Placke, T. (2022) · Batteries & Supercaps · doi:10.1002/batt.202200045 · Cited by 22

Urgency of technology and equipment upgrades in e-waste dismantling base: Pollution identification and emission reduction

Wang, R., Zhang, Q., Zhan, L., & Xu, Z. (2022) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119704 · Cited by 18

Structural Improvement of the Blatter Radical for High-Current Organic Batteries

Saal, A., Elbinger, L., Schreyer, K., Fataj, X., Friebe, C., & Schubert, U. S. (2022) · ACS Applied Energy Materials · doi:10.1021/acsaem.2c02559 · Cited by 18

Acid-Assisted Separation of Cathodic Material from Spent Electric Vehicle Batteries for Recycling

Zorin, A., Song, T., Gastol, D., & Kendrick, E. (2023) · Metals · doi:10.3390/met13071276 · Cited by 18

Lithium Ion Batteries: Characteristics, Recycling and Deep‐Sea Mining

Bokkassam, S. D., & Krishnan, J. N. (2024) · Battery energy · doi:10.1002/bte2.20240022 · Cited by 18

Effects of Environmental Factors on the Leaching and Immobilization Behavior of Arsenic from Mudstone by Laboratory and In Situ Column Experiments

Arima, T., Sasaki, R., Yamamoto, T., Tabelin, C. B., Tamoto, S., & Igarashi, T. (2021) · Minerals · doi:10.3390/min11111220 · Cited by 18

Lithium extraction by extractant confined in Pickering emulsion

Li, E., Li, Z., Xia, Q., Zhang, F., Liang, Z., Xu, Z., Gao, G., Li, H., & Cheng, F. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-62927-z · Cited by 17

Renewable energies and circular economies: A systematic literature review before the ChatGPT boom

Barahona, I., & Almulhim, T. S. (2024) · Energy Reports · doi:10.1016/j.egyr.2024.02.027 · Cited by 19

The energy storage application of core-/yolk–shell structures in sodium batteries

Maiti, A., Biswal, R., Debnath, S., & Bhunia, A. (2024) · Energy Advances · doi:10.1039/d4ya00141a · Cited by 17

Sustainable and efficient recovery of lithium from rubidium raffinate via solvent extraction

Ni, C., Liu, C., Han, Z., Wang, J., Liang, Y., Zhong, H., & He, Z. (2024) · Journal of environmental chemical engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jece.2024.113374 · Cited by 18

High-Performance Crown Ether-Modified Membranes for Selective Lithium Recovery from High Na+ and Mg2+ Brines Using Electrodialysis

Yin, X., Xu, P., & Wang, H. (2024) · Water · doi:10.3390/w16172489 · Cited by 17

Study on process mineralogy of clay-type lithium ore in central region of Yunnan province

Xie, R., Tong, X., Xie, X., Song, Q., Ren, S., Wang, X., Zhao, Z., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers · doi:10.1016/j.jtice.2024.105900 · Cited by 16

Chelator-Enhanced nanofiltration process for selective lithium extraction and Magnesium utilization from salt lake brines

Yong, M., Tang, M., Sun, L., Yang, J., Wang, Z., Xing, C., Tian, H., Xie, L., Wang, Z., Zhang, X., et al. (2025) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2025.134967 · Cited by 16

Synergistic Extraction and Separation of Cobalt and Lithium Using D2EHPA and CYANEX 272

Mahmoudi, S., Babakhani, A., Noori, M., Azizitorghabeh, A., & Rashchi, F. (2022) · Mining Metallurgy & Exploration · doi:10.1007/s42461-021-00531-7 · Cited by 16

Bio-inspired ion transport/extraction systems toward future energy demand

Yang, L., & Wen, L. (2022) · Cell Reports Physical Science · doi:10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.101167 · Cited by 16

Application of Hybrid Electrobaromembrane Process for Selective Recovery of Lithium from Cobalt- and Nickel-Containing Leaching Solutions

Butylskii, D. Y., Troitskiy, V. A., Chuprynina, D., Dammak, L., Larchet, C., & Nikonenko, V. (2023) · Membranes · doi:10.3390/membranes13050509 · Cited by 16

Selective recovery of lithium ion from its mixed solution with potassium and sodium by electrobaromembrane method

Butylskii, D. Y., Troitskiy, V. A., Chuprynina, D., Pismenskaya, N. D., Smirnova, N. V., Apel, P. Y., Dammak, L., Mareev, S. A., & Nikonenko, V. (2024) · Separation and Purification Technology · doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2024.126675 · Cited by 16

Preliminary investigation into lithium extraction by phosphoric acid leaching of spodumene

Paris, J., Mohammadi-Jam, S., Li, R., Liang, J., Oh, H. J., Kökkılıç, O., Omelon, S. J., & Waters, K. E. (2024) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2024.108613 · Cited by 16

Molecular dynamics simulations of Li+/Mg2+ separation using metal-organic frameworks

Liu, B., Zhuo, S., Li, L., Zhou, Y., & Li, Z. (2024) · Journal of Membrane Science · doi:10.1016/j.memsci.2024.122759 · Cited by 16

Global Lithium Resources and Sustainability Issues

Christmann, P., Gloaguen, É., Labbé, J.-F., Melleton, J., & Piantone, P. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801417-2.00001-3 · Cited by 127

Lithium extraction methods and its application prospects: a review

Yersaiynova, A., Karshyga, Z., Muhammad, N. A. А., Idris, U. P. S., Yessengaziyev, A., & Orynbayev, B. (2025) · Kompleksnoe Ispolzovanie Mineralnogo Syra = Complex Use of Mineral Resources · doi:10.31643/2026/6445.21 · Cited by 5

Improving China’s Global Lithium Resource Development Capacity

Li, H., Zhu, T., Chen, X., Liu, H., & He, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Environmental Science · doi:10.3389/fenvs.2022.938534 · Cited by 33

Lithium resource supply structure evolution and low-carbon transition pathways in China's lithium-ion battery industry: A dynamic material flow analysis and scenario assessment

Zhao, R., Yu, X., Zhou, X., Pu, L., & Yang, T. (2026) · Sustainable Production and Consumption · doi:10.1016/j.spc.2026.10.017

Lithium: A Discourse on Global Reserves, India's Ascendancy, and Substitutes for a Verdant Future

Dhurandhar, A. P. (2025) · International Journal For Multidisciplinary Research · doi:10.36948/ijfmr.2025.v07i05.56882