Explainable outlier detection: What, for Whom and Why?
Open accessAbstract
Outlier algorithms are becoming increasingly complex. Thereby, they become much less interpretable to the data scientists applying the algorithms in real-life settings and to end-users using their predictions. We argue that outliers are context-dependent and, therefore, can only be detected via domain knowledge, algorithm insight, and interaction with end-users. As outlier detection is equivalent to unsupervised semantic binary classification, at the core of interpreting an outlier algorithm we find the semantics of the classes, i.e., the algorithm’s conceptual outlier definition. We investigate current interpretable and explainable outlier algorithms: what they are, for whom they are, and what their value proposition is. We then discuss how interpretation and explanation and user involvement have the potential to provide the missing link to bring modern complex outlier algorithms from computer science labs into real-life applications and the challenges they induce.
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- Authors
- Sejr, J. H., & Schneider-Kamp, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern Denmark (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Sejr, Jonas Herskind
- Venue
- Machine Learning with Applications
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-12
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 100172
- ISSN
- 2666-8270 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3202144687
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.75
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Machine Learning with Applications (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning and Data Classification
- Keywords
- outlier detection, explainable AI, interpretability, end-user involvement, domain knowledge, real-world applications
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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