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The Epidemiology, Burden, and Comorbidities of Migraine
Abstract
We describe the epidemiology and comorbidities of migraine, which affects 12% of adults in occidental countries. Prevalence is three times higher in women, but 6% of men are affected, making it the most prevalent neurologic disorder in men. Although migraine is a remarkably common cause of temporary disability, many migraineurs have never consulted a physician for the problem. Many disorders are comorbid with migraine. For some such as depression, the association has been well described, but for others, the relationship has been recently suggested, such as in the case of clinical and subclinical vascular brain lesions and coronary heart disease.
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“Depression, in particular, is three times more common among migraineurs than in the general population; and this rate is even higher in migraine patients presenting to clinical settings [1 -3].”
From One-Day Acceptance and Commitment Therapy Compared to Support for Depressed Migraine Patients: a Randomized Clinical Trial. (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
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Comorbidity of migraine and depression: Investigating potential etiology and prognosis
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Shared loci for migraine and epilepsy on chromosomes 14q12-q23 and 12q24.2-q24.3
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Alcohol consumption and hangover patterns among migraine sufferers
Zlotnik, Y., Plakht, Y., Aven, A., Engel, Y., Am, N. B., & Ifergane, G. (2014) · Journal of Neurosciences in Rural Practice · doi:10.4103/0976-3147.131652 · Cited by 24
“2%), a finding that is consistent with the epidemiological medical literature.[12]”
ResultThe Bleph and the Brain: The Effect of Upper Eyelid Surgery on Chronic Headaches
Mokhtarzadeh, A., McClelland, C. M., Lee, M. S., Smith, S. K., & Harrison, A. R. (2016) · Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/iop.0000000000000686 · Cited by 24
“The incidence of migraines declines dramatically by this age, and it is likely that the authors were seeing more patients with tension headaches.(3,4) In addition, the number of patients did not allow us to meaningfully compare outcomes between patients with and without ptosis.”
BackgroundAssociation Between Migraine and Suicidal Behaviors: A Nationwide Study in the USA
Friedman, L. E., Zhong, Q., Gelaye, B., Williams, M. A., & Peterlin, B. L. (2017) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13235 · Cited by 24
Dindo, L. N., Recober, A., Calarge, C. A., Zimmerman, B. M., Weinrib, A., Marchman, J. N., & Turvey, C. (2020) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-019-00818-0 · Cited by 24
Cancer risk in patients with migraine: A population‐based cohort study in Denmark
Elser, H. C., Skajaa, N., Ehrenstein, V., Fuglsang, C. H., Farkas, D. K., & Sørensen, H. T. (2022) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.14251 · Cited by 23
“31 We included all primary cancers with at least 10 cases recorded from January 1, 1995, onwards and classified them into the following groups of likely etiology: (1) hormone- related cancers, (2) gastrointestinal cancers, (3) smoking- related cancers, (4) cancers of neurological origin, (5) hematologic cancers, (6) i…”
BackgroundMigraine Surgery Practice Patterns and Attitudes
Kung, T. A., Pannucci, C. J., Chamberlain, J. L., & Cederna, P. S. (2011) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0b013e3182412a24 · Cited by 23
“2 percent, which can be attributed to two major factors: (1) migraine surgery is a controversial subject within plastic surgery, with a relatively low clinical relevance to the typical U.”
BackgroundKaki, A. M., Rohaiem, S. M., Mourad, S. A., Jaouni, S. K. A., Elalah, M. A., & Ibrahim, N. K. (2019) · Oman Medical Journal · doi:10.5001/omj.2019.21 · Cited by 23
“Forsch Komplementmed 2013;20(5):328-333.”
Increased migraine-free intervals with multifocal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Leahu, P., Bange, M., Ciolac, D., Scheiter, S., Matei, A., González‐Escamilla, G., Chirumamilla, V. C., Groppa, S. A., Muthuraman, M., & Groppa, S. (2021) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.383 · Cited by 22
“0 times increased risk of developing depression compared to people without migraine [3-6], thus urging for refined therapeutic approaches for migraine.”
Targeting the 5-HT1B/1D and 5-HT1F receptors for acute migraine treatment
Huang, P.-C., Yang, F., Chang, C., & Yang, C. (2020) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/bs.pbr.2020.05.010 · Cited by 22
Buse, D. C., Serrano, D., Reed, M. L., Kori, S. H., Cunanan, C. M., Adams, A. M., & Lipton, R. B. (2015) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.12556 · Cited by 22
Self-citationMenstrual Migraine Among Spanish University Students
Martínez, E. F., Zafra, M. D. O., Abreu‐Sánchez, A., Sanz, G., López, M. T. I., Fernández-Muñóz, J. J., & Parra-Fernández, M. L. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2020.06.013 · Cited by 21
Headache-related disability among medical students in Amazon: a cross-sectional study
de Almeida, C. M. O., Lima, P. A. M. D. S., Stabenow, R., Mota, R. S. D. S., Boechat, A. L., & Takatani, M. (2015) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20150172 · Cited by 21
“57% (26) of the students were classified as having substantial to severe impact, respectively, according to the HIT-6.”
MethodAwareness of Migraine Among Primary Care Physicians in Turkey: A Regional Study
Gültekin, M., Balcı, E., İsmailoğulları, S., Yetkin, F., Baydemir, R., Erdoğan, F. F., Mirza, M., & Özge, A. (2016) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.5152/npa.2016.19228 · Cited by 20
Decompression Surgery for Frontal Migraine Headache
Mangialardi, M. L., Baldelli, I., Salgarello, M., & Raposio, E. (2020) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery Global Open · doi:10.1097/gox.0000000000003084 · Cited by 20
Migraine in the Young Brain: Adolescents vs. Young Adults
Colon, É., Ludwick, A., Wilcox, S. L., Youssef, A. M., Danehy, A. R., Fair, D. A., Lebel, A., Burstein, R., Becerra, L. R., & Borsook, D. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00087 · Cited by 22
Clinical impact of migraine for the management of glaucoma patients
Nguyen, B. N., Lek, J. J., Vingrys, A. J., & McKendrick, A. M. (2015) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.07.006 · Cited by 20
Patterns of Migraine Disease in Otolaryngology: A CHEER Network Study
Schulz, K. A., Esmati, E., Godley, F. A., Hill, C. L., Monfared, A. S., Teixido, M., Tucci, D. L., & Witsell, D. L. (2018) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/0194599818764387 · Cited by 18
“The study aims are to (1) describe the demographics and prevalence of migraine sufferers seen in an otolaryngologist’s office in association with their primary ear, nose, or throat complaint and clinical diagnosis; (2) determine the otologic and sinonasal symptoms among the patients who screen positive for migraine th…”
BackgroundCould Experimental Inflammation Provide Better Understanding of Migraines?
Reducha, P. V., Edvinsson, L. I., & Haanes, K. A. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11152444 · Cited by 18
“Migraine is a common neurological and headache disorder affecting around 15% of the world’s population (≈1 billion people, reported migraine in the previous year) and are three times more prevalent in women (around 18%) than in men (around 6%) [1,2].”
BackgroundIntravenous Valproate versus Subcutaneous Sumatriptan in Acute Migraine Attack.
Ghaderibarmi, F., Tavakkoli, N., & Togha, M. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 18
Fu, C., Yu, L., Zou, Y., Cao, K., Zhao, J., Gong, H., Zhang, S., Lin, A., Dong, M., Yang, W., et al. (2012) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/967968 · Cited by 18
“The temporary functional disability, accompanying migraine [6], brings huge economic losses to the society.”
BackgroundRocha‐Filho, P. A. S., & Hershey, A. D. (2017) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13159 · Cited by 18
Health-Related Quality of Life in Migraine: EQ-5D-5L-Based Study in Routine Clinical Practice
Domitrz, I., & Golicki, D. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11236925 · Cited by 20
Association of MTHFR gene polymorphisms with migraine in North Indian population
Kaur, S., Ali, A., Pandey, A. K., & Singh, B. (2018) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-018-3276-7 · Cited by 17
“About 300 million people worldwide suffer from recurring migraines, with 8% of the male population and a whopping 17% of the female population being inflicted with this painful disorder [6, 7].”
BackgroundMethodSecondary Headaches in Children and Adolescents: What Not to Miss
Yonker, M. E. (2018) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-018-0865-z · Cited by 17
Healthcare Expenditures Associated With Comorbid Anxiety and Depression Among Adults With Migraine
Alwhaibi, M., Meraya, A. M., & AlRuthia, Y. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2021.658697 · Cited by 17
“Depression and/or anxiety are common among patients with migraine (13, 14).”
BackgroundBody mass index, abdominal obesity, body fat and migraine features in women.
de Oliveira, V. R., Rockett, F. C., Castro, K., Perla, A. D. S., Chaves, M. L. F., & Perry, I. D. S. (2013) · PubMed · doi:10.3305/nh.2013.28.4.6504 · Cited by 17
Chen, J., Zhao, L., Zheng, H., Li, Y., Yang, M., Chang, X.-R., Gong, B., Huang, Y., Liu, Y., & Liang, F. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-361 · Cited by 17
“4% [6] and 4.”
Follow-up over 20 months confirms gains of online behavioural training in frequent episodic migraine
Sorbi, M. J., Balk, Y. A., Kleiboer, A. M., & Couturier, E. G. M. (2016) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102416657145 · Cited by 17
“Migraine impedes work performance and impairs family and social life due to attacks of pounding and debilitating headache (4).”
BackgroundLiu, C.-T., Wu, B.-Y., Hung, Y., Wang, L.-Y., Lee, Y.-Y., Lin, T., Lin, P.-Y., Chen, W.-F., Chiang, J., Hsu, S.-F., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19094 · Cited by 17
“Migraine can affect all age groups, but it most commonly occurs in females and those aged from 25 to 55 years old, the peak years of economic productivity [3].”
BackgroundAge related metabolic modifications in the migraine brain
Martinez, M. L., D’Ostilio, K., Coppola, G., Parisi, V., de Noordhout, A. M., Magis, D., Schoenen, J. E., Scholtes, F., & Versijpt, J. J. (2019) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102419828984 · Cited by 17
“A glance at migraine prevalence curves is all it takes to realize that this condition is strongly affected by the ageing process (6,7).”
BackgroundSex and the serotonergic underpinnings of depression and migraine
Spies, M., Handschuh, P. A., Lanzenberger, R. R., & Kranz, G. S. (2020) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00009-6 · Cited by 17
Nelles, G., Schmitt, L., Humbert, T., Becker, V., Sandow, P., Bornhövd, K., Fritzsche, D., Schäuble, B., & on behalf of the TOPMATMIG-0001 investigators (2009) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1007/s10194-009-0163-x · Cited by 16
“Migraine is a common neurological disorder affecting approximately 12 to 14% of all women and 6 to 8% of all men in western societies [1, 2].”
BackgroundYang, J., Wu, X., Lin, Q., Zeng, Y., Xia, Q.-Q., Cao, L., Huang, B., Huang, G.-B., & Fu, X. (2019) · Clinical and investigative medicine · doi:10.25011/cim.v42i1.32389 · Cited by 16
“2% to 21% for females, resulting in a male-to-female ratio of about 1:3 [4,5].”
BackgroundSzabó, E., Bolo, N. R., Borsook, D., Burstein, R., & Ashina, S. (2025) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024241313377 · Cited by 14
“(iii) Sex differences in response to treatment : biological sex differences could not be investigated due to the sample size and the female predominance in the study (migraine predominantly affects women with a ratio of approximately 3:1) (85).”
Migraine with aura triggered by cardiac myxoma: Case report and literature review
de Ceuster, L., van Diepen, T. H. J., & Koehler, P. J. (2010) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/0333102410378928 · Cited by 15
“Migraine affects over 12% of the general population, with 6% in men and 18% in women (13,14).”
BackgroundHirata, K., Ueda, K., Komori, M., Ye, W., Kim, Y., Cotton, S. E., Jackson, J., & Treuer, T. (2020) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-020-00223-y · Cited by 15
Kim, Y. H., Lee, J. W., Kim, Y., Bae, J. S., Kim, Y. J., Min, C., & Choi, H. G. (2021) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046283 · Cited by 15
Predictability of Future Attacks by Migraineurs: A Prospective Observational Study
Hu, X., Golden, W., Bolge, S. C., Katić, B., Chen, Y., Wagner, S., & Cady, R. K. (2010) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/j.1526-4610.2010.01630.x · Cited by 15
“Substantial economic and humanistic burden has been attributed to migraine.(4,5) Annual indirect costs associated with missed work were estimated to be $12 billion in 2002-03, although these estimates did not include additional costs of presenteeism.”
BackgroundMigraine: Genetic Variants and Clinical Phenotypes
Rainero, I., Vacca, A., Govone, F., Gai, A., Pinessi, L., & Rubino, E. (2018) · Current Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/0929867325666180719120215 · Cited by 15
Treatment Strategies for Menstrually Related Migraine
Allais, G., Gabellari, I. C., Mana, O., & Benedetto, C. (2012) · Women s Health · doi:10.2217/whe.12.37 · Cited by 14
“Although the pathophysiology of MM and NMM may partially differ, the acute treatments Migraine is a neurological disorder that predominantly affects the female sex with a female to male ratio of approximately 3:1 [1].”
BackgroundAmanzio, M., Palermo, S., Skyt, I., & Vase, L. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/jcp.0000000000000556 · Cited by 15
“In this particular case, comorbidity with anxiety disorders, neuroticism, somatization, hypochondria, and depression increases the negative expectation of possible AEs,(30) and these traits are common in chronic headache sufferers.(31,32) Hence, it is likely that a serious illness, possibly associated with comorbid di…”
Amirlak, B., Chung, M., Pezeshk, R. A., & Sanniec, K. J. (2018) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000004320 · Cited by 14
Wæver, S. L., & Haanes, K. A. (2025) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-024-01945-6 · Cited by 13
“Migraine is a primary headache disorder that affects more than 10% of the global population [1, 2].”
Frovatriptan plus dexketoprofen in the treatment of menstrually related migraine: an open study
Allais, G., Rolando, S., Schiapparelli, P., Airola, G., Borgogno, P., Mana, O., & Benedetto, C. (2013) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-013-1390-0 · Cited by 13
“Migraine predominantly affects the female sex, with a female to male ratio of approximately 3:1 [1, 2].”
BackgroundThe Effect of Preoperative Migraine Headache Frequency on Surgical Outcomes
Molavi, S., Zwiebel, S. J., Gittleman, H. R., Alleyne, B. J., & Guyuron, B. (2014) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000000728 · Cited by 13
Abdelkader, A. A., Fahmy, E. M., Ahmad, A. A. F., Labib, A. A., Elmekkawy, L., & Mohammed, S. S. (2021) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-021-00278-4 · Cited by 13
“Reports have declared that 18% of men and 43% of women experience a migraine at a certain era of their lives [4, 5].”
BackgroundAdvances in Drug Development for Acute Migraine
Cady, R. J., Shade, C. L., & Cady, R. K. (2012) · Drugs · doi:10.2165/11641120-000000000-00000 · Cited by 11
“Migraine’s 1-year prevalence in adults is estimated to be 12%,([1]) but its lifetime prevalence is estimated to be over 40%.”
BackgroundWoods, K. N., & Ostrowski, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Child Neurology · doi:10.1177/0883073817707111 · Cited by 12
A new comorbidity model and the common pathological mechanisms of migraine and epilepsy.
Fan, S., Xiao, Z., Zhu, F., He, X., & Lu, Z. (2017) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 12
Impulsivity prevalence in migraine patients without and with medication overuse
Santos, L. M., Silva, A. F. S. S. E., Brasil, A. B. R., Tolentino, A. C. A., Norberto, C. A., Paula, C. B. D., & Jurno, M. E. (2020) · Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria · doi:10.1590/0004-282x20200071 · Cited by 12
Introduction to Neuropathic Pain Syndromes
Gutierrez, J., Raju, S., Riley, J. P., & Boulis, N. M. (2014) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nec.2014.06.002 · Cited by 12
Huddleston, C., Martin, L., Woods, K., & Dindo, L. (2018) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usx090 · Cited by 11
Şengül, Y., Sengul, H., Bakım, B., Yucekaya, S. K., Yücel, S., & Akgün, M. (2014) · Sleep and Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1111/sbr.12087 · Cited by 11
Headache in African Americans: An Overlooked Disparity
Heckman, B. D., & Britton, A. J. (2015) · Journal of the National Medical Association · doi:10.1016/s0027-9684(15)30023-7 · Cited by 10
Wachholtz, A., Vohra, R., & Metzger, A. (2019) · Complementary Therapies in Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.011 · Cited by 11
Effectiveness of implementation of Orem self-care program on headache indices in Migraineur
Hamedanizadeh, F., Zarandi, F. M., Abas, E., Zandi, M. A., & Kachouei, H. (2010) · Trauma Monthly · Cited by 11
Jacobsena, B. A., Dyb, G. A., Hagen, K., Stovner, L. J., Holmen, T. L., & Zwart, J. (2011) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2011.03.002 · Cited by 11
Well-Being Therapy for Depressive Symptoms in Chronic Migraine: A Case Report
Mansueto, G., & Cosci, F. (2021) · Clinical Case Studies · doi:10.1177/1534650121989812 · Cited by 10
“For instance, depression is present in 11% to 57% of cases (Dresler et al. 2019) and represents a relevant problem worsening migraine prognosis, increasing migraine disability, and favoring a poorer response to treatment (Araki et al., 2019; Bigal & Lipton, 2009).”
BackgroundGenetic Analysis of GRIA2 and GRIA4 Genes in Migraine
Gasparini, C., Sutherland, H. G. E., Haupt, L. M., & Griffiths, L. R. (2013) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.12234 · Cited by 10
“Global prevalence estimates indicate ∼12% (males 6%; females 18%) of Caucasian individuals suffer migraine throughout their lifetime.(1,2) In middle adulthood, migraine affects women 3 times more than men and is thought to be due to changes in ovarian hormones.”
BackgroundMüller, B., Gaul, C., Glass, A. S., Reis, O., Jürgens, T. P., Kropp, P. A., Ruscheweyh, R., Straube, A. M., Brähler, E., Förderreuther, S., et al. (2022) · Pain and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s40122-022-00362-4 · Cited by 10
Clemow, D. B., Baygani, S., Hauck, P. M., & Hultman, C. (2020) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1080/03007995.2020.1808780 · Cited by 10
Toriumi, H., Shimizu, T., Ebine, T., Takizawa, T., Kayama, Y., Koh, A., Shibata, M., & Suzuki, N. (2015) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2015.12.010 · Cited by 10
Bavrasad, R., Nejad, S. E. M., Yarahmadi, A. R., Sajedi, S. I., & Rahim, F. (2010) · International Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.3923/ijp.2010.670.675 · Cited by 10
Patterns of migraine medication use in Norway: A nationwide registry-based observational study
Stubberud, A., Borkenhagen, S., Oteiza, F., Dueland, A. N., Bugge, C., Sæther, E. M., Tronvik, E., Stovner, L. J., & Bjørk, M. (2024) · Cephalalgia · doi:10.1177/03331024241268212 · Cited by 9
“We estimated that just 8% of the entire migraine population were treated with preventives, yet guidelines suggest that more than 30% of those with migraine qualify for preventive treatment (25,26).”
Dabilgou, A. A., Dravé, A., Kyelem, J. M. A., Zoma, A., Napon, C., Millogo, A., Karfo, K., & Kaboré, J. (2021) · Pain Research and Management · doi:10.1155/2021/9327363 · Cited by 9
Involvement of the Tetraspanin 2 (TSPAN2) Gene in Migraine: A Case-Control Study in Han Chinese
Fang, J., Yuan, X., An, X., Qu, H., Wang, C., Hong, G., Zheng, L., Yi, K.-H., Chen, S., Wang, X., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00714 · Cited by 9
“3% of Chinese population in mainland China, are affected by this disease (2, 3).”
BackgroundSeyedsaadat, S. M., Hosseininezhad, M., Bakhshayesh, B., Hoseini, M., & Naghipour, M. (2013) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-013-1550-2 · Cited by 9
“In accordance with the results of prior studies, most of our patients who diagnosed to have CM and CTTM were in their 4th decade of life [2, 18].”
ResultOedegaard, K. J., Riise, T., Dilsaver, S. C., Lund, A., Akiskal, H. S., Fasmer, O. B., & Hundal, Ø. (2010) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.09.009 · Cited by 10
“three than males (Alonso et al., 2004; Bigal and Lipton, 2009).”
BackgroundRice, M. S., Rist, P. M., Winter, A. C., Kurth, T., & Tworoger, S. S. (2017) · International Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1002/ijc.31062 · Cited by 9
“Prior studies have suggested that migraine may be hormonally driven given the observed sex-differences in migraine prevalence and changes in migraine frequency with changes in the menstrual cycle.(1,2) However, results from our study and prior prospective cohort studies on migraine and breast cancer risk do not suppor…”
ResultRubio, A. C., Arciniegas, J. A., Bolaños-López, J. E., Gonzalez, F. J., Gómez, D., Mesa, A., Bello-Gándara, C. J., Garcı́a, M., Pérez, L. E., & Reyes, J. M. (2024) · The Journal of Headache and Pain · doi:10.1186/s10194-024-01918-9 · Cited by 8
“Some studies have suggested that hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes mellitus are considered risk factors for migraine (23); however, these studies have yielded con�icting results, and the associations have not been validated (21, 24, 25).”
TRPM3 activation causes CGRP release in trigeminal neurons: Implications for migraine mechanisms
Reducha, P. V., Nielsen, L. K. S., Jensen, M. N., Edvinsson, J. C. A., Kazantzi, S., Wæver, S. L., Lylloff, T., Westgate, C. S. J., Edvinsson, L. I., & Haanes, K. A. (2025) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.15082 · Cited by 8
Gaskin, D. J., Richard, P., & Walburn, J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-48046-6_1 · Cited by 8
Genetic causal relationship between immune diseases and migraine: a Mendelian randomization study
Li, G., Duan, S., Zheng, T., Zhu, T., Qu, B., Liu, L., & Liu, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1376698 · Cited by 8
“…are more common in young females (15, 16), which is very similar to migraine - the prevalence of migraine in adult females is 3-4 times higher than in males but only rarely after 50 years of age (1, 17, 18), suggesting that migraine and immune disorders may share a common genetic etiologic basis.”
BackgroundFunctional MRI as a Biomarker for Evaluation and Prediction of Effectiveness of Migraine Prophylaxis
Huang, J., & Cao, Y. (2012) · Biomarkers in Medicine · doi:10.2217/bmm.12.35 · Cited by 8
Golovacheva, V. A., Pozhidaev, K. A., & Александровна, Г. А. (2018) · Neurology neuropsychiatry Psychosomatics · doi:10.14412/2074-2711-2018-3-141-149 · Cited by 9
Living with Migraine in Canada – A National Community-Based Study
Altura, K. C., Patten, S. B., Williams, J. V. A., Fiest, K. M., & Jetté, N. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2019.3 · Cited by 8
“Many medical and psychiatric comorbidities are also associated with migraine, including depression, epilepsy, and stroke.(5) Furthermore, it has serious implications on the family as migraine can lead to postponed household work and canceled family and social activities.”
BackgroundInfluentialLIVING WITH BURDEN OF MIGRAINE: THE ANALYSIS OF "MY MIGRAINE VOICE SURVEY" RESULTS IN TURKEY
Atalar, A. Ç., Bozkurt, M. M., Çalışkan, Z., Vo, P. G., Ertaş, M., & Baykan, B. B. (2019) · Nöro Psikiyatri Arşivi · doi:10.29399/npa.24780 · Cited by 8
Val66Met polymorphism is associated with decreased likelihood for pediatric headache and migraine
Koute, V., Michalopoulou, A., Siokas, V., Aloizou, A., Rikos, D., Bogdanos, D. P., Kontopoulos, E. E., Grivea, I. N., Syrogiannopoulos, G. A., Papadimitriou, A., et al. (2021) · Neurological Research · doi:10.1080/01616412.2021.1922181 · Cited by 8
“to the release of neuropeptides, such as calcitoningene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P [17,20].”
BackgroundAbdulah, D. M., MohammedSadiq, H. A., & Mohammed, A. H. (2021) · Journal of Complementary and Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1515/jcim-2020-0183 · Cited by 7
Headache from the Doctors' Perspective
Gil‐Gouveia, R. (2014) · European Neurology · doi:10.1159/000355278 · Cited by 7
Chaibi, A., & Tuchin, P. J. (2011) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jcm.2011.02.002 · Cited by 7
Kopishinskaya, S. V., & Густов, А. В. (2015) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro201511571124-129 · Cited by 7
Lower serum bilirubin concentration in patients with migraine.
Cao, L., Li, X., & Luo, D. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 7
Uygunoğlu, U., & Sıva, A. (2015) · Headache · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-19911-5_2 · Cited by 7
Spinal rehabilitative exercise and manual treatment for the prevention of migraine attacks in adults
Brønfort, G., Evans, R., Goldsmith, C. H., Haas, M., Leininger, B. D., Levin, M., Schmitt, J., & Westrom, K. K. (2015) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011848 · Cited by 7
RetractedWoods, K. N., Ostrowski, S. A., Cieplinski, T., Winkelman, J., Polk, P., & Victorio, M. C. (2019) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13537 · Cited by 6
“BACKGROUND The prevalence of pediatric recurrent headache is estimated to be approximately 10%, and migraine is the most common type of headache diagnosed in children and adolescents.(1,2) According to ICHD-3, status migrainosus is a migraine attack lasting more than 72 hours and is considered a complication of migrai…”
BackgroundSoares, R. L. S., Filho, P. F. M., MANESCHY, C. P., BREIJÃO, J. F., & SCHMIDTE, N. M. (2013) · Arquivos de Gastroenterologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-28032013000400008 · Cited by 6
“2013 neurotransmitter of the gastrointestinal tract plays a relevant role in the IBS(4, 10, 36).”
BackgroundAlmosaiteer, S. A., Rabbani, U., Alharbi, B. A., & Aldukhayel, A. (2022) · The Egyptian Journal of Neurology Psychiatry and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1186/s41983-022-00507-4 · Cited by 6
Bawand, R., Ghiasian, M., Samadyan, M., & Qaderi, S. (2023) · Helicobacter · doi:10.1111/hel.13010 · Cited by 8
Current approaches to treatment of migraine during pregnancy
Ekusheva, E. V., & Damulin, I. V. (2015) · S S Korsakov Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry · doi:10.17116/jnevro2015115111124-132 · Cited by 6
Hunfeld, A., Segelcke, D., Bäcker, I., Mecheri, B., Hemmer, K., Dlugosch, E., Andriske, M., Paris, F., Zhu, X., & Lübbert, H. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep17845 · Cited by 6
Migraine Susceptibility Genes in Han Chinese of Fujian Province
Lin, Q.-F., Chen, Z.-C., Fu, X.-G., Yang, J., Cao, L.-Y., Yao, L.-T., Xin, Y.-T., & Huang, G.-B. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.3988/jcn.2017.13.1.71 · Cited by 6
The Frequent Unusual Headache Syndromes: A Proposed Classification Based on Lifetime Prevalence
Valênça, M. M., & de Oliveira, D. A. (2015) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.12646 · Cited by 6
“tively, of which 74 were regarded as relevant to this study.(13,32,33,35-105) A few articles were found by con-”
BackgroundZhao, H., Wang, Q., Chen, Z., & Zhu, W. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1585512 · Cited by 5
“This finding aligns with those of previous studies, which indicate that migraines typically onset during puberty (36, 43, 44).”
Characteristics of Adults with Migraine in Alberta, Canada: A Population-Based Study
Richer, L. P., Wong, K. O., Martins, K. J. B., Rajapakse, T., Amoozegar, F., Becker, W. J., & Klarenbach, S. W. (2021) · Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Journal Canadien des Sciences Neurologiques · doi:10.1017/cjn.2021.68 · Cited by 5
“The average age and female preponderance were congruent with previous reports.(4,11) While the vast majority of individuals with CM were female (98.”
ResultTraditional Medicine and Its Use for Pain Management in Saudi Arabia
Shaikh, S. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-36811-1_206 · Cited by 5
Soleimanian-Boroujeni, F., Badihian, N., Badihian, S., Shaygannejad, V., & Gorji, Y. (2022) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-022-02729-8 · Cited by 5
“These psychological conditions exacerbate the disability caused by migraine and would also increase the risk of progression to chronic form of the disease [4, 5].”
BackgroundPredictors of clinical response to erenumab in patients with migraine
Lekontseva, O., Wang, M., & Amoozegar, F. (2022) · Cephalalgia Reports · doi:10.1177/25158163221128185 · Cited by 5
“).(19) We included all ages with a range of 18–73 years, which extends beyond the trial selected population of 18–65 years.”
BackgroundClinical observation of the effect of prophylaxis on allodynia in patients with migraine
Zhang, N., & Chen, C.-F. (2018) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s172976 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Bigal, M. E., & Lipton, R. B.
- Affiliations
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Bigal, Marcelo E.
- Venue
- Neurologic Clinics
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-05
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 321-334
- ISSN
- 0733-8619 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1996295044
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 28 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 2.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neurologic Clinics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Migraine and Headache Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Intracranial Aneurysms: Treatment and Complications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Cardiovascular and Diving-Related Complications
- Keywords
- migraine, migraine epidemiology, migraine prevalence, sex differences, migraine comorbidity, depression, vascular brain lesions, coronary artery disease, underdiagnosis, disability burden
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Injuries, Coronary Artery Disease, Depression, Female, Humans, Male, Migraine Disorders, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Cost of Illness, Headache Disorders
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