Cited by 206Stress Responses and CortisolNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research

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Inoculation stress hypothesis of environmental enrichment.

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Crofton, Elizabeth J., Zhang, Yafang, Green, Thomas A.·2015·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.017PMC PMC4305384

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Abstract

One hallmark of psychiatric conditions is the vast continuum of individual differences in susceptibility vs. resilience resulting from the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. The environmental enrichment paradigm is an animal model that is useful for studying a range of psychiatric conditions, including protective phenotypes in addiction and depression models. The major question is how environmental enrichment, a non-drug and non-surgical manipulation, can produce such robust individual differences in such a wide range of behaviors. This paper draws from a variety of published sources to outline a coherent hypothesis of inoculation stress as a factor producing the protective enrichment phenotypes. The basic tenet suggests that chronic mild stress from living in a complex environment and interacting non-aggressively with conspecifics can inoculate enriched rats against subsequent stressors and/or drugs of abuse. This paper reviews the enrichment phenotypes, mulls the fundamental nature of environmental enrichment vs. isolation, discusses the most appropriate control for environmental enrichment, and challenges the idea that cortisol/corticosterone equals stress. The intent of the inoculation stress hypothesis of environmental enrichment is to provide a scaffold with which to build testable hypotheses for the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms underlying these protective phenotypes and thus provide new therapeutic targets to treat psychiatric/neurological conditions.

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أثر التحصین ضد الضغوط فى زیادة فاعلیة الذات التربویة وخفض حدة قلق التفاعل لدى الطالبة المعلمة
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Authors: Crofton, E. J., Zhang, Y., & Green, T. A.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
Corresponding author: Green, Thomas A.
ORCID: Crofton, Elizabeth J.
Zhang, Yafang
Green, Thomas A.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2015-02
Volume: 49
Pages: 19-31
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.11.017
PMC: PMC4305384
OpenAlex: W2066244855
Cited by: 206
References: 193
Citations by year: 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 4
FWCI: 1.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: NIDA (DA029091, DA007287)
NINDS (NS081121)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
Keywords: environmental enrichment, chronic mild stress, resilience, individual differences, addiction, depression, social interaction, isolation, cortisol, corticosterone, stress response, animal models of psychiatric disorders
MeSH terms: Animals, Environment, Housing, Animal, Humans, Stress, Psychological, Resilience, Psychological

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