Neural consequences of enviromental enrichment
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity is a central theme of modern neurobiology, from cellular and molecular mechanisms of synapse formation in Drosophila to behavioural recovery from strokes in elderly humans. Although the methods used to measure plastic responses differ, the stimuli required to elicit plasticity are thought to be activity-dependent. In this article, we focus on the neuronal changes that occur in response to complex stimulation by an enriched environment. We emphasize the behavioural and neurobiological consequences of specific elements of enrichment, especially exercise and learning.
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Environmental enrichment has been shown to decrease anxiety and increase learning and memory.
“In general, environmental enrichment has been shown to decrease anxiety and increase learning and memory (van Praag et al., 2000; Simpson and Kelly, 2011).”
From Effects of Maternal Deprivation and Complex Housing on Rat Social Behavior in Adolescence and Adulthood (2018) · cites this paper as van Praag et al., 2000
Neural plasticity is affected by many factors beyond early care, including increased activity in enriched environments.
“Furthermore, there are numerous influences on neural plasticity in addition to early care, such as increased activity in enriched environments (Panksepp, Burgdorf, Turner, & Gordon, 2002; van Praag, Kempermann, & Gage, 2000)”
From Stress and the development of self-regulation in context (2010) · cites this paper as van Praag, Kempermann, & Gage, 2000
Physical activity may influence cognitive and brain health through changes in insulin or glucose signaling, oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, hormonal regulation, or cerebrovasculature.
“PA might also influence cognitive and brain health by modifying insulin/glucose signaling, oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, hormonal regulation, or cerebrovasculature (2, 83).”
From Physical Activity, Cognition, and Brain Outcomes: A Review of the 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines (2019) · cites this paper as [2]
Dopaminergic neurotransmission, centrally implicated in the brain reward system and known to decline with aging, plays important roles in non-pharmacological strategies aimed to improve age-related cognitive decline, such as environmental enrichment and physical exercise.
“dopaminergic neurotransmission, centrally implicated in the brain reward system and known to decline with aging (De Keyser et al., 1990), plays important roles in non-pharmacological strategies aimed to improve age-related cognitive decline, such as environmental enrichment and physical exercise (van Praag et al., 2000).”
From The Aβ oligomer hypothesis for synapse failure and memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease (2011) · cites this paper as van Praag et al., 2000
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Navigation expertise and the human hippocampus: A structural brain imaging analysis
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Neurohormetic phytochemicals: low-dose toxins that induce adaptive neuronal stress responses
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Gray matter abnormalities in childhood maltreatment: a voxel-wise meta-analysis
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- Authors
- van Praag, H., Kempermann, G., & Gage, F. H.
- Affiliations
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies (US)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 191-198
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2096192426
- Cited by
- 2,468
- References
- 135
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 77 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 99 · 2021: 113 · 2020: 131 · 2019: 100 · 2018: 134 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 115 · 2015: 133 · 2014: 133 · 2013: 142 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 1.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health
- Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- environmental enrichment, neuroplasticity, activity-dependent plasticity, physical activity, learning, behavioral recovery, synaptogenesis, stroke recovery
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Cell Division, Environment, Controlled, Humans, Neuronal Plasticity, Sensory Deprivation
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