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The organizing actions of adolescent gonadal steroid hormones on brain and behavioral development
Open accessAbstract
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by dramatic changes in cognition, risk-taking and social behavior. Although gonadal steroid hormones are well-known mediators of these behaviors in adulthood, the role gonadal steroid hormones play in shaping the adolescent brain and behavioral development has only come to light in recent years. Here we discuss the sex-specific impact of gonadal steroid hormones on the developing adolescent brain. Indeed, the effects of gonadal steroid hormones during adolescence on brain structure and behavioral outcomes differs markedly between the sexes. Research findings suggest that adolescence, like the perinatal period, is a sensitive period for the sex-specific effects of gonadal steroid hormones on brain and behavioral development. Furthermore, evidence from studies on male sexual behavior suggests that adolescence is part of a protracted postnatal sensitive period that begins perinatally and ends following adolescence. As such, the perinatal and peripubertal periods of brain and behavioral organization likely do not represent two discrete sensitive periods, but instead are the consequence of normative developmental timing of gonadal hormone secretions in males and females.
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“Although the cause of these differences is unknown, other studies show that gonadal hormones shape brain structure (23–26), function (27), and gene expression networks (28) that could influence stress responses.”
From Sexual differentiation of neural mechanisms of stress sensitivity during puberty (2023) · cites this paper as [26]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schulz, K. M., & Sisk, C. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Tennessee at Knoxville (US)
- Michigan State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sisk, Cheryl L.
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-11
- Volume
- 70
- Pages
- 148-158
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5074860
- OpenAlex
- W2482212044
- Cited by
- 316
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 64 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 2.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIH R01 (MH090091)
- R01 (MH068764)
- IK2 (BX001562)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Keywords
- sex steroids, adolescent brain development, sex differences, sensitive period, perinatal hormone exposure, puberty, behavioral development, male sexual behavior, brain structure, risk-taking, social behavior
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Brain, Humans, Risk-Taking, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Social Behavior, Adolescent Development
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