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Earlier versus later cognitive event-related potentials (ERPs) in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
The current meta-analysis summarizes relevant literature on earlier (P100, N100, P200, N200, ERN/Ne) versus later (P300, Pe, CNV) cognitive Event-Related Potential (ERP) differences between children, adolescents, and adults with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and without ADHD (non-ADHD). Furthermore, the heterogeneity in previous research is addressed by analyzing potentially relevant demographic and methodological moderators (age group, IQ, medication, comorbidity, task, cognitive function, modality, inter-stimulus-interval, number of electrodes). Via database search 52 relevant articles were identified including n = 1576 ADHD and n = 1794 non-ADHD. Using multilevel-models, pooled effect sizes were calculated. For earlier components, individuals with ADHD showed shorter Go-P100-latencies than non-ADHD. For later ERPs, individuals with ADHD showed smaller Cue-P300-amplitudes, longer Go-P300-latencies, smaller NoGo-P300-amplitudes, longer NoGo-P300-latencies, smaller CNV-amplitudes, and smaller Pe-amplitudes. The substantial heterogeneity identified for most of the ERP components could be explained by the demographic and methodological moderators of interest. This meta-analysis identified relevant moderate group differences (-0.32<d<-0.57), mainly regarding later cognitive ERPs. Nevertheless, results are characterized by substantial heterogeneity and the moderate effect sizes (d<0.6) limit the use for clinical application.
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“ADHD and OCD are common psychiatric disorders that may be differentiated by neurocognitive measures and neural indices of error monitoring (Figuracion et al. 2024; Hanna et al. 2026; Kaiser et al. 2020; Kofler et al. 2013; Lamothe et al. 2025; Liu et al. 2020; Lutz et al. 2021; Tamm et al. 2012).”
From Reaction Time Variability and Electrophysiological Indices of Performance Monitoring in Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as Kaiser et al. 2020
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“However, one meta‐analysis noted a blunted Pe was associated more consistently with ADHD than a blunted ERN (Kaiser et al. 2020).”
From Reaction Time Variability and Electrophysiological Indices of Performance Monitoring in Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as Kaiser et al. 2020
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“Our Pe results are consistent with a meta‐analysis that concluded a reduced Pe is associated more reliably with ADHD than a reduced ERN (Kaiser et al. 2020) and with the recent finding of a blunted Pe in a large study of adolescents with ADHD (Figuracion et al. 2024).”
From Reaction Time Variability and Electrophysiological Indices of Performance Monitoring in Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2026) · cites this paper as Kaiser et al. 2020
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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder
Faraone, S. V., Bellgrove, M. A., Brikell, I., Cortese, S., Hartman, C. A., Hollis, C., Newcorn, J. H., Philipsen, A., Polanczyk, G. V., Rubia, K., et al. (2024) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-024-00495-0 · Cited by 355
McLoughlin, G., Gyurkovics, M., Palmer, J. A., & Makeig, S. (2021) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.08.020 · Cited by 112
Michelini, G., Carlisi, C. O., Eaton, N. R., Elison, J. T., Haltigan, J. D., Kotov, R., Krueger, R. F., Latzman, R. D., Li, J. J., Levin-Aspenson, H. F., et al. (2024) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21225 · Cited by 109
Neurotherapeutics for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): A Review
Rubia, K., Westwood, S. J., Aggensteiner, P.-M., & Brandeis, D. (2021) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells10082156 · Cited by 91
Self-citationToward Precision Medicine in ADHD
Buitelaar, J. K., Bölte, S., Brandeis, D., Caye, A., Christmann, N., Cortese, S., Coghill, D., Faraone, S. V., Franke, B., Gleitz, M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2022.900981 · Cited by 83
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kaiser, A., Aggensteiner, P.-M., Baumeister, S., Holz, N. E., Banaschewski, T., & Brandeis, D.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Kaiser, Anna
- Venue
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-05
- Volume
- 112
- Pages
- 117-134
- ISSN
- 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3002747956
- Cited by
- 171
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 5
- FWCI
- 3.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Repository for Publications and Research Data (ETH Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ETH Zürich Research Collection
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (FKZ 01EE1408E)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, event-related potentials, P300, P100, N2 component, P200, contingent negative variation, P300 latency, P300 amplitude, error-related negativity, ERP components, children and adolescents
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Child, Cognition, Evoked Potentials, Humans, Psychomotor Performance, Executive Function
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