Cited by 170Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchTraffic and Road SafetyForensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis

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Determining the magnitude and duration of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analytic review

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McCartney, Danielle, Arkell, Thomas R., Irwin, Christopher, McGregor, Iain S.·2021·Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews

DOI 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003

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Abstract

The increasing legal availability of cannabis has important implications for road safety. This systematic review characterised the acute effects of Δ9-THC on driving performance and driving-related cognitive skills, with a particular focus on the duration of Δ9-THC-induced impairment. Eighty publications and 1534 outcomes were reviewed. Several measures of driving performance and driving-related cognitive skills (e.g. lateral control, tracking, divided attention) demonstrated impairment in meta-analyses of “peak” Δ9-THC effects (p’s<0.05). Multiple meta-regression analyses further found that regular cannabis users experianced less impairment than ‘other’ (mostly occasional) cannabis users (p = 0.003) and that the magnitude of oral (n = 243 effect estimates [EE]) and inhaled (n = 481 EEs) Δ9-THC-induced impairment depended on various factors (dose, post-treatment time interval, the performance domain (skill) assessed) in other cannabis users (p’s<0.05). The latter model predicted that most driving-related cognitive skills would ‘recover’ (Hedges’ g=–0.25) within ∼5-hs (and almost all within ∼7-hs) of inhaling 20 mg of Δ9-THC; oral Δ9-THC-induced impairment may take longer to subside. These results suggest individuals should wait at least 5 -hs following inhaled cannabis use before performing safety-sensitive tasks.

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Authors: McCartney, D., Arkell, T. R., Irwin, C., & McGregor, I. S.
Affiliations: The University of Sydney (AU)
Griffith University (AU)
Corresponding author: McCartney, Danielle
ORCID: McCartney, Danielle
Arkell, Thomas R.
Irwin, Christopher
McGregor, Iain S.
Venue: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-07
Volume: 126
Pages: 175-193
ISSN: 0149-7634 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.01.003
OpenAlex: W3121363966
Cited by: 170
References: 75
Citations by year: 2026: 23 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 14
FWCI: 3.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: University of Sydney
Griffith University
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality › Traffic and Road Safety
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Keywords: delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabis, driving performance, cognitive impairment, road safety, inhaled cannabis, divided attention, lateral control, tracking, dosage effect
MeSH terms: Attention, Humans, Marijuana Smoking, Psychomotor Performance, Dronabinol, Cognitive Dysfunction

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Determining the magnitude and duration of acute Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC)-induced driving and cognitive impairment: A systematic and meta-analytic review

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