The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Synthetic data generation for tabular health records: A systematic review
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Various methods and evaluation metrics are used to assess the privacy dimension of the synthetic tabular data generation approaches. These methods include identity disclosure, attribute disclosure, distance to the closest record, membership attack, maximum real-to-synthetic similarity, differential privacy cost, and GANs.”
From Generative AI in medical practice: in-depth exploration of privacy and security challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [47]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Hernandez et al [47] discuss privacy concerns related to synthetic tabular data generation in health care.”
From Generative AI in medical practice: in-depth exploration of privacy and security challenges (2024) · cites this paper as [47]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Federated Machine Learning: Concept and Applications
Yang, Q., Liu, Y., Chen, T., & Tong, Y. (2019) · ACM Transactions on Intelligent Systems and Technology · doi:10.1145/3298981 · Cited by 6,322
The potential for artificial intelligence in healthcare
Davenport, T., & Kalakota, R. (2019) · Future Healthcare Journal · doi:10.7861/futurehosp.6-2-94 · Cited by 3,800
Five steps to conducting a systematic review
Khan, K. S., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J., & Antes, G. (2003) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680309600304 · Cited by 1,873
Privacy-preserving data publishing: A survey of recent developments
Fung, B. C. M., Wang, K., Chen, R., & Yu, P. S. (2010) · ACM Computing Surveys · doi:10.1145/1749603.1749605 · Cited by 1,704
Privacy in the age of medical big data
Price, W. N., & Cohen, I. G. (2019) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0272-7 · Cited by 1,522
Data synthesis based on generative adversarial networks
Park, N., Mohammadi, M., Gorde, K., Jajodia, S., Park, H., & Kim, Y. (2018) · Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment · doi:10.14778/3231751.3231757 · Cited by 567
Walonoski, J. A., Kramer, M. A., Nichols, J., Quina, A., Moesel, C., Hall, D., Duffett, C., Dube, K., Gallagher, T., & McLachlan, S. (2017) · Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association · doi:10.1093/jamia/ocx079 · Cited by 521
A General Survey of Privacy-Preserving Data Mining Models and Algorithms
Aggarwal, C. C., & Yu, P. S. (2008) · The Kluwer international series on advances in database systems · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70992-5_2 · Cited by 481
Applications of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs): An Updated Review
Alqahtani, H., Kavakli, M., & Kumar, G. (2019) · Archives of Computational Methods in Engineering · doi:10.1007/s11831-019-09388-y · Cited by 457
Generation and evaluation of synthetic patient data
Gonçalves, A. R., Ray, P., Soper, B., Stevens, J. L., Coyle, L. M., & Sales, A. P. (2020) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-020-00977-1 · Cited by 456
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- I. Goodfellow, J. Pouget-Abadie, M. Mirza, B. Xu, D. Warde-Farley, S. Ozair, A. Courville, Y. Bengio, Generative Adversarial Nets, in: Z. Ghahramani, M. Welling, C. Cortes, N. Lawrence, K.Q. Weinberger (Eds.), Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, vol. 27, Curran Associates Inc, 2672–2680, 2014.
- El Emam, 2019, The Synthetic Data Paradigm for Using and Sharing Data, Data Anal. Digital Technol., 19, 12
- M.S. Donaldson, K.N. Lohr, I. o. M.U. Committee on Regional Health Data, Health Data in the Information Age: Use, Disclosure, and Privacy, chap. Confidentiality and Privacy of Personal Data, National Academies Press (US), 142–144, ISBN 0-309-53821-1, 1994.
- E. Choi, S. Biswal, B. Malin, J. Duke, W.F. Stewart, J. Sun, Generating Multi-label Discrete Patient Records using Generative Adversarial Networks, Proceedings of Machine Learning for Healthcare (MLHC).
- J. Vaidya, B. Shafiq, M. Asani, N. Adam, X. Jiang, L. Ohno-Machado, A Scalable Privacy-preserving Data Generation Methodology for Exploratory Analysis, AMIA Annual Symposium Proceedings 2017 (2018) 1695–1704, ISSN 1942–597X.
- A.J. Yale, Privacy Preserving Synthetic Health Data Generation and Evaluation, Ph.D. thesis, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, ISBN: 9798662575981 Publication Title: ProQuest Dissertations and Theses 27833340, 2020.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–278 of 278
Improving Stress Detection with Synthetic Datasets: GPT-4o-Mini and Transformer Model Evaluation
Badran, N., Le, J., Le, T., & Uchiya, T. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6008-7_9
Latent Diffusion Models with Correlation Loss for Tabular Data Generation
Zhang, Q. (2025) · International Conference on Neural Networks, Information and Communication Engineering (NNICE) · doi:10.1109/nnice64954.2025.11064643
Bouvarel, B., Glémain, B., Carrat, F., & Lapidus, N. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.07.31.25332504
Synthetic Data Usage for Healthcare Privacy Using GENERATIVE AI
Sahu, P. R., Tripathy, A., & Tripathy, A. R. (2025) · Information systems engineering and management · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-90723-4_35
Dhaka, A. K., Roy, A., & Shrivallabha, S. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7287372/v1
Towards Next-Generation Digital Twins for Diabetes
Gudivaka, R. L., Grandhi, S. H., Gudivaka, B. R., Gudivaka, R. K., Basani, D. K. R., & Sarvamangala, D. R. (2025) · Advances in computational intelligence and robotics book series · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-7062-0.ch009
Alattal, D. R., Draghi, B., Myles, P. R., Branson, R. D., & Tucker, A. (2025) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7565139/v1
Designing an Evaluation Chain for Assessing the Quality of Data Generation by Tabular GANs
Campanile, L., Marrone, S., Marulli, F., & Verde, L. (2024) · ACM Conference on Research in Adaptive and Convergent Systems (RACS) · doi:10.1145/3649601.3698755
Convex space learning for tabular synthetic data generation
Mahendra, M., Umesh, C., Schultz, K., Olaf Wolkenhauer, A., & Bej, S. (2025) · Neurocomputing · doi:10.1016/j.neucom.2025.131722
AndroGen: Open-source synthetic data generation for automated sperm analysis
Hernández, D. L., Pantrigo, J. J., Montalvo, S., & Cabido, R. (2025) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2025.109132
Synthetic Anatomy: Deep Learning Models for Virtual Population Generation–A ReviewPreprint
Zhou, Z., Zakeri, A., Dou, H., Xue, Y., MacRaild, M., Huang, J., Lin, F., Sarrami‐Foroushani, A., Duan, J., & Frangi, A. F. (2025) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.10.28.25338782 · Cited by 1
Illustrating a Monthly Professional Newsletter With Synthetic Visuals
Hai-Jew, S. (2025) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-2277-3.ch012
Wu, X., Li, X., Wu, W., Timofeev, A., Yang, Y., Cao, M., Huang, P., Li, S., & Shan, J. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-4367-0_1
The Role of Domain-Specific Models for Synthetic Data Generation with Iterative Prompt Optimization
Freise, N., Heitlinger, M., Nuredini, R., & Meixner, G. (2025) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc58623.2025.11252935
Energy-efficient meta-classifier model for log access anomaly detection in healthcare systems
Matos, M., Gomes, F., Nogueira, F., & Almeida, F. L. (2025) · International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics · doi:10.1108/ijicc-08-2025-0548
Why do we need high-fidelity synthetic eye movement data and how should they look like?Preprint
Qian, C. S., Aziz, S., Hasan, K., & Komogortsev, O. V. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.11.692112
Schulz, N., Carus, J., Wiederhold, A. J., Johanns, O., Peters, F., Rath, N. B., Rausch, K., Holleczek, B., Katalinic, A., & Gundler, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26737947
Schulz, N., Carus, J., Wiederhold, A. J., Johanns, O., Peters, F., Rath, N. B., Rausch, K., Holleczek, B., Katalinic, A., & Gundler, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26737941
Schulz, N., Carus, J., Wiederhold, A. J., Johanns, O., Peters, F., Rath, N. B., Rausch, K., Holleczek, B., Katalinic, A., & Gundler, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26737953
Schulz, N., Carus, J., Wiederhold, A. J., Johanns, O., Peters, F., Rath, N. B., Rausch, K., Holleczek, B., Katalinic, A., & Gundler, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26737950
Schulz, N., Carus, J., Wiederhold, A. J., Johanns, O., Peters, F., Rath, N. B., Rausch, K., Holleczek, B., Katalinic, A., & Gundler, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26085211
Schulz, N., Carus, J., Wiederhold, A. J., Johanns, O., Peters, F., Rath, N. B., Rausch, K., Holleczek, B., Katalinic, A., & Gundler, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26085113
Schulz, N., Carus, J., Wiederhold, A. J., Johanns, O., Peters, F., Rath, N. B., Rausch, K., Holleczek, B., Katalinic, A., & Gundler, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26737944
Babel, S., Pressman, E., Weinberg, J. H., Baig, A. A., Rainone, G. J., Schimmel, S., Vignolles-Jeong, J., Smith, T., Youssef, P., Davies, J. M., et al. (2025) · AI in neuroscience. · doi:10.1177/2997979x251369456
Synthetic Data for Infertility Research: A Literature Review
Szatmáry, R., Szatmáry, K. S., & Wang, F.-Y. (2025) · IEEE International Symposium on Computational Intelligence and Informatics (CINTI) · doi:10.1109/cinti67731.2025.11311699
Jung, M. O., Pintanel, A. T. G., Bärwaldt, R., Santos, H., & Dimuro, G. P. (2026) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2026.3651970
Bastida, M. D., Vázquez, R. A. P., & Pérez, R. B. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11358-0_30
Generative Synthesis of Precipitation Radar Data for Disaster IT Testbed
Hiroi, K., Kohiga, A., Fukaya, S., & Shinoda, Y. (2026) · Journal of Information Processing · doi:10.2197/ipsjjip.34.161
Vision Transformers-Enhanced Signal Denoising System for Robust 6G Communication
Agrawal, A. V., Girish, P., Gomathy, S., Kistan, A., Sashmi, S. N., & Dhanraj, J. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Knowledge Discovery in Concurrent Engineering (ICECONF) · doi:10.1109/iceconf65644.2025.11379533
Solagratia, N. P., & Thejas, G. S. (2025) · International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Technological Solutions (ICAITech) · doi:10.1109/icaitech66481.2025.11387099
Momenzadeh, M., & Oshaghi, A. (2026) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03396-2
Menne, F., Zöller, T., & Schaaff, K. (2025) · International Conference on Foundation and Large Language Models (FLLM) · doi:10.1109/fllm67465.2025.11391024
Ahmed, M. W., Emmert, J. L., & Kamruzzaman, M. (2026) · British Poultry Science · doi:10.1080/00071668.2026.2620615
Alattal, D. R., Draghi, B., Myles, P. R., Branson, R., & Tucker, A. (2026) · International Journal of Computational Intelligence Systems · doi:10.1007/s44196-026-01173-7
Diffusion Models for Synthetic Tabular Data Generation
Telesheva, E., & Hushchyn, M. (2025) · Doklady Mathematics · doi:10.1134/s1064562425700553
Wang, J., & Chen, X. (2026) · Cluster Computing · doi:10.1007/s10586-026-06013-z
Zhang, Y., & Muller, S. (2026) · Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation · doi:10.1080/00949655.2026.2653039
Addressing Gender Data Gaps in the Global Majority: Opportunities and Challenges of Synthetic Data
Musizvingoza, R. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-07830-8_25
Sarkar, A. R., Sarmin, F. J., Mouheb, D., Fung, B. C. M., & Mohammed, N. (2026) · Intelligent Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.iswa.2026.200659
A Data Deduplication Pipeline for Indonesian Athlete Registry: A Synthetic Data Approach
Widi, A., Sediyono, E., & Hendry, H. (2026) · International Seminar on Intelligent Business and Edge-Computing Research (ISIBER) · doi:10.1109/isiber68248.2026.11469995
Quantifying Privacy Risks in Synthetic Data: A Study on Black-Box Membership Inference
Fantino, G., Rondina, M., Vetrò, A., & Martin, J. C. D. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-22774-4_5
Tabular Synthesis Based on Bi-Directional Feedback Conditional Diffusion Models
Zhang, Q., Tang, Y., Tian, J., He, Y., Xu, L., & Liu, S. (2026) · IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing · doi:10.1109/icassp55912.2026.11464381
Validating Synthetic Data for Behavioral Modeling
Marchev, A., Marchev, V., & Efremov, A. (2025) · International Conference on Algorithms, Computing and Systems (ICACS) · doi:10.1145/3789418.3789435
Alam, M. A. U., & Shalhout, S. Z. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.04.24.26351704
Peeling the Layers of Privacy-Utility Onion on Tabular Data
Wang, J., Zhao, Z., Aniello, L., & Wu, H. (2026) · Workshop on Machine Learning and Systems (EuroMLSys) · doi:10.1145/3805621.3807630
Josselyn, N., Sawant, S., Davis-Martin, R. E., Rundensteiner, E. A., Gerber, B. S., Wang, B., Rothschild, A. J., Agu, E., Boudreaux, E. D., & Liu, F.-F. (2026) · npj Mental Health Research · doi:10.1038/s44184-026-00209-2
Privacy-Aware Synthetic Tabular Data Generation for Healthcare: Application to Sepsis Detection
Macias-Fassio, E., Morales, A., Pruenza, C., Fiérrez, J., & Espósito, C. (2026) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering13050511
Bias-Aware Synthetic Data Generation: A Tailored Use Case-Driven Approach
Draghi, B., Myles, P. R., & Tucker, A. (2026) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-25308-8_9
Gubser, R., Schulte‐Althoff, M., Pohle, J., Heinemann, N., Balzer, F., & Fürstenau, D. (2026) · Information and Organization · doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2026.100625
Jewel, R. M., Bhuiyan, M. S., Rahman, M. H., Linkon, A. A., Pervin, T., & Anjum, N. (2026) · Westcliff International Journal of Applied Research · doi:10.47670/wuwijar20261rmmatn
AI agents: a game changer in ophthalmology?
Ramesh, D., Tao, B. K.-L., & Hutnik, C. M. L. (2026) · Eye · doi:10.1038/s41433-026-04543-9
Synthetic RNA-seq cohorts for data sharing: a discovery-aware benchmark at transcriptome scalePreprint
Nanda, A., & Saha, S. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.05.22.726357
A Machine Learning Framework for Autonomous Bilge Water Management
Dutt, S., & Kanungo, S. (2026) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18132-9_5
Synthetic Data Generation for Healthcare and Wellness: Methods, Applications, and Future Directions
Subaramaniam, K., Palaniapan, S., Baker, O. F., Bui, N. D., & Sumit, D. (2026) · Journal of Informatics and Web Engineering · doi:10.33093/jiwe.2026.5.2.21
Kim, Y., Lee, J., Koh, S. B., & Lee, K. M. (2026) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03648-1
Evaluation of temporal preservation in synthetic longitudinal patient data
Perkonoja, K., Movahedi, P., Airola, A., Auranen, K. J., & Virta, J. (2026) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2026.105074
Prevalence-Aware Machine Learning for Risk Assessment of Rare Medical Conditions
Nawaz, F., Mughal, H., & Fatima, A. (2026) · International Conference on Computing, Mathematics and Engineering Technologies (iCoMET) · doi:10.1109/icomet69771.2026.11591774
From Noise to Order: Learning to Rank via Denoising Diffusion
Ebrahimi, S., Mitra, B., Arabzadeh, N., Yuan, Y., Wu, H., Zarrinkalam, F., & Ebrahim Bagheri, A. (2026) · ACM SIGIR International Conference on Theory of Information Retrieval (ICTIR) · doi:10.1145/3805713.3820437
A Differentially Private Conditional Denoising Autoencoder for Data Augmentation in IgA Nephropathy
Tong, J., Li, J., & Zhu, C. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-981-92-3495-0_17
Chatzichristos, C., Katsimpokis, D., Lai, C., van Santvliet, L., Camarrone, F., Knoors, D., Geleijnse, G., Speybroek, M. V., Lewi, M., Vannieuwenhuyse, B., et al. (2026) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-026-03719-3 · Cited by 1
Chhotaray, P., Behera, B. C., & Debnath, K. (2026) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2026.102262
An Empirical Study of Synthetic Data Generators for Sequences
Akindele, S., Suk, Y., & Yang, K. (2026) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/3770855.3817521
LCATS: LLM-Guided Constraint-Aware Tabular Data Synthesis
Li, Q., Shen, Y., Zheng, Q., Liu, Y., & Diao, X. (2026) · ACM SIGKDD Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD) · doi:10.1145/3770855.3818181
TabMAGD: Combining Masked Autoencoders with Guided Diffusion for Mixed-Type Tabular Data Synthesis
Qian, Y., Jing, Y., He, Z., Zhang, K., Wang, X. S., Chen, X., & Li, J. (2026) · Big Data Mining and Analytics · doi:10.26599/bdma.2025.9020105
Tran, T., Ghaemi, M. S., & Korosec, C. S. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.08.31.26361878
Characterizing Fundamental Differences Between Tabular Synthetic Data Generation Methods
Kroes, S. K. S., Groenwold, R. H. H., Janssen, M. P., & van Leeuwen, M. (2026) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-37883-5_17
AI-Generated Medical Datasets for Research and Innovation
Mokashi, B., Valamannavar, S. P., Kumar, M. M., R, S. S., & Kumatgi, S. (2026) · International Conference on Machine Learning Technologies (ICMLT) · doi:10.1109/icmlt69916.2026.11688336
Bertgren, A., Öhberg, F., Soda, P., Näslund, U., Wennberg, P., & Grönlund, C. (2026) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2026.10.01.755916
Costa, A., Nera, S., Merli, F., Arcari, A., Cencini, E., Ferrero, S., Contaldo, S. G., Beccuti, M., Cordero, F., Terenziani, A., et al. (2026) · Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems · doi:10.1109/cbms69103.2026.00254
Catalina, M., Mikel, H., Fernández, M., Nappa, A., Martín, C., Bamidis, P., & Konstantinidis, E. (2026) · Proceedings - IEEE Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems · doi:10.1109/cbms69103.2026.00033
A synthetic-data and machine-learning digital shadow foundation for end-of-life magnet recycling
Sifakis, N., Chachalis, A., Tsinarakis, G., Aryblia, M., Cholidis, D., & Arampatzis, G. (2026) · Measurement Digitalization · doi:10.1016/j.meadig.2026.100065
Kuhn, M., Zisgen, Y., Grüger, J., Maldonado, A., Koschmider, A., & Bergmann, R. (2026) · Process Science · doi:10.1007/s44311-026-00060-w
Zhang, Q., Lin, B., & Liu, Y. (2026) · Applied Intelligence · doi:10.1007/s10489-026-07393-w
CDDM: Constraint-Driven Diffusion Modeling for Tabular DataSynthesisPreprint
Merabet, M. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7620346
Wang, Z., Guan, J., Zhou, M., Hu, J., Guo, Q., Wang, M., & Yang, Q. (2026) · Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research · doi:10.1021/acs.iecr.6c03879
Kostrov, S. А., & Потапов, М. П. (2026) · Patient-Oriented Medicine and Pharmacy · doi:10.37489/2949-1924-0147
Metadata
- Authors
- Hernandez, M., Epelde, G., Alberdi, A., Cilla, R., & Rankin, D.
- Affiliations
- Vicomtech (ES)
- Mondragon Unibertsitatea (ES)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hernandez, Mikel
- Epelde, Gorka
- Venue
- Neurocomputing
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-07
- Volume
- 493
- Pages
- 28-45
- ISSN
- 0925-2312 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4224022798
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 88 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 3.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- pure.ulster.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Neurocomputing (publishedVersion)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Privacy-Preserving Technologies in Data
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Keywords
- synthetic data generation, tabular data generation, healthcare data privacy, generative adversarial networks, synthetic tabular data generation, patient privacy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review