The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 49 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Divide and conquer: A defense of functional localizers
Abstract
Numerous functionally distinct regions of cortex (e.g., V1, MT, the fusiform face area) can be easily identified in any normal human subject in just a few minutes of fMRI scanning. However, the locations of these regions vary across subjects. Investigations of these regions have therefore often used a functional region of interest (fROI) approach in which the region is first identified functionally in each subject individually, before subsequent scans in the same subjects test specific hypotheses concerning that region. This fROI method, which resembled long-established practice in visual neurophysiology, has methodological, statistical, and theoretical advantages over standard alternatives (such as whole-brain analyses of group data): (i) because functional properties are more consistently and robustly associated with fROIs than with locations in stereotaxic space, functional hypotheses concerning fROIs are often the most straightforward to frame, motivate, and test, (ii) because hypotheses are tested in only a handful of fROIs (instead of in tens of thousands of voxels), advance specification of fROIs provides a massive increase in statistical power over whole-brain analyses, and (iii) some fROIs may serve as candidate distinct components of the mind/brain worth investigation as such. Of course fROIs can be productively used in conjunction with other complementary methods. Here, we explain the motivation for and advantages of the fROI approach, and we rebut the criticism of this method offered by Friston et al. (Friston, K., Rotshtein, P., Geng, J., Sterzer, P., Henson, R., in press. A critique of functional localizers. NeuroImage).
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In addition, because of a constrained search volume, fROI analyses typically have higher statistical power than whole-brain analyses (Fedorenko, Hsieh, Nieto-Castañón, Whitfield-Gabrieli, & Kanwisher, 2010;Saxe, Brett, & Kanwisher, 2006).”
From Functional Specificity and Sex Differences in the Neural Circuits Supporting the Inhibition of Automatic Imitation (2018) · cites this paper as Saxe, Brett, & Kanwisher, 2006
In the citing paper
“Definitively addressing the question of neural overlap between linguistic and nonlinguistic functions requires examining overlap within individual subjects (27, 28), a data analysis strategy that has almost never been applied in neuroimaging investigations of high-level linguistic processing.”
From Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain (2011) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
Cites
Co-Planar Stereotaxic Atlas of the Human Brain
Talairach, J., & Tournoux, P. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 11,798
The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04302.1997 · Cited by 7,738
Self-citationCo-planar stereotaxic atlas of the human brain
Laitinen, L. (1989) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/0303-8467(89)90128-5 · Cited by 7,565
A new SPM toolbox for combining probabilistic cytoarchitectonic maps and functional imaging data
Eickhoff, S. B., Stephan, K. E., Mohlberg, H., Grefkes, C., Fink, G. R., Amunts, K., & Zilles, K. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.034 · Cited by 4,033
Distributed and overlapping representations of faces and objects in ventral temporal cortex
Haxby, J. V., Gobbini, M. I., Furey, M. L., Ishai, A., Schouten, J. L., & Pietrini, P. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1063736 · Cited by 3,940
A cortical representation of the local visual environment
Epstein, R. A., & Kanwisher, N. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/33402 · Cited by 3,083
Self-citationCommon regions of the human frontal lobe recruited by diverse cognitive demands
Duncan, J., & Owen, A. M. (2000) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(00)01633-7 · Cited by 2,498
Decoding the visual and subjective contents of the human brain
Kamitani, Y., & Tong, F. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1444 · Cited by 1,829
Object-related activity revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging in human occipital cortex.
Malach, R., Reppas, J. B., Benson, R. R., Kwong, K. K., Jiang, H., Kennedy, W. A., Ledden, P. J., Brady, T. J., Rosen, B. R., & Tootell, R. B. H. (1995) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.92.18.8135 · Cited by 1,761
Functional analysis of human MT and related visual cortical areas using magnetic resonance imaging
Tootell, R. B. H., Reppas, J. B., Kwong, K. K., Malach, R., Born, R. T., Brady, T., Rosen, B. R., & Belliveau, J. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-04-03215.1995 · Cited by 1,434
Controlling the familywise error rate in functional neuroimaging: a comparative review
Nichols, T. E., & Hayasaka, S. (2003) · Statistical Methods in Medical Research · doi:10.1191/0962280203sm341ra · Cited by 1,249
fMR-adaptation: a tool for studying the functional properties of human cortical neurons
Kalanit Grill-spector, A., & Malach, R. (2001) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(01)00019-1 · Cited by 1,089
Cox, D., & Savoy, R. L. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00049-1 · Cited by 1,057
Representation of Perceived Object Shape by the Human Lateral Occipital Complex
Kourtzi, Z., & Kanwisher, N. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1061133 · Cited by 915
Self-citationIt's the Thought That Counts: Specific Brain Regions for One Component of Theory of Mind
Saxe, R., & Powell, L. J. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01768.x · Cited by 815
Self-citationLocation and function of the human frontal eye-field: A selective review
Paus, T. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00134-4 · Cited by 762
Changes in connectivity profiles define functionally distinct regions in human medial frontal cortex
Johansen‐Berg, H., Behrens, T. E. J., Robson, M. D., Drobnjak, I., Rushworth, M. F. S., Brady, J. M., Smith, S. M., Higham, D. J., & Matthews, P. M. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0403743101 · Cited by 706
Neuroimaging Evidence for Dissociable Forms of Repetition Priming
Henson, R. N., Shallice, T., & Dolan, R. J. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5456.1269 · Cited by 649
Visually guided grasping produces fMRI activation in dorsal but not ventral stream brain areas
Culham, J. C., Danckert, S. L., Souza, J. F. X. D., Gati, J. S., Menon, R. S., & Goodale, M. A. (2003) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-003-1591-5 · Cited by 637
Ventral occipital lesions impair object recognition but not object‐directed grasping: an fMRI study
James, T. W., Culham, J. C., Humphrey, G. K., Milner, A. D., & Goodale, M. A. (2003) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awg248 · Cited by 591
Amunts, K., Weiss, P. H., Mohlberg, H., Pieperhoff, P., Eickhoff, S., Gurd, J. M., Marshall, J. C., Shah, N. J., Fink, G. R., & Zilles, K. (2004) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2003.12.031 · Cited by 475
Yovel, G., & Kanwisher, N. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.11.018 · Cited by 450
Self-citationA critique of functional localisers
Friston, K. J., Rotshtein, P., Geng, J. J., Sterzer, P., & Henson, R. N. (2006) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.012 · Cited by 424
How Distributed Is Visual Category Information in Human Occipito-Temporal Cortex? An fMRI Study
Spiridon, M., & Kanwisher, N. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)00877-2 · Cited by 339
Self-citationLocation and spatial profile of category‐specific regions in human extrastriate cortex
Spiridon, M., Fischl, B. R., & Kanwisher, N. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20169 · Cited by 264
Self-citationA Locus in Human Extrastriate Cortex for Visual Shape Analysis
Kanwisher, N., Woods, R. P., Iacoboni, M., & Mazziotta, J. C. (1997) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1997.9.1.133 · Cited by 238
Self-citationMy Body or Yours? The Effect of Visual Perspective on Cortical Body Representations
Saxe, R. R., Jamal, N. I., & Powell, L. J. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi095 · Cited by 228
Self-citationRevisiting the Role of the Fusiform Face Area in Visual Expertise
Yaoda Xu, A. (2005) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhi006 · Cited by 212
ADVANCES IN CYTOARCHITECTONIC MAPPING OF THE HUMAN CEREBRAL CORTEX
Amunts, K., & Zilles, K. (2001) · Neuroimaging Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1052-5149(25)00698-7 · Cited by 190
Numerical Magnitude in the Human Parietal Lobe
Shuman, M., & Kanwisher, N. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.10.008 · Cited by 174
Self-citationThe effect of viewpoint on body representation in the extrastriate body area
Chan, A. W.-Y., Peelen, M. V., & Downing, P. E. (2004) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200410250-00021 · Cited by 149
Within‐subject reproducibility of category‐specific visual activation with functional MRI
Peelen, M. V., & Downing, P. E. (2005) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.20116 · Cited by 148
Arthurs, O. J., & Boniface, S. J. (2003) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(03)00080-4 · Cited by 109
Heberlein, A. S., & Saxe, R. R. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.06.064 · Cited by 93
Self-citationJiang, Y. V., Saxe, R. R., & Kanwisher, N. (2004) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00690.x · Cited by 91
Self-citationCommon Neural Mechanisms for Response Selection and Perceptual Processing
Jiang, Y. V., & Kanwisher, N. (2003) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892903322598076 · Cited by 80
Self-citationLinking retinotopic fMRI mapping and anatomical probability maps of human occipital areas V1 and V2
Wohlschläger, A., Specht, K., Lie, C., Mohlberg, H., Wohlschläger, A., Bente, K., Pietrzyk, U., Stöcker, T., Zilles, K., Amunts, K., et al. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.01.021 · Cited by 79
Reliability of functional localization using fMRI
Swallow, K., Braver, T., Snyder, A., Speer, N., & Zacks, J. M. (2003) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/s1053-8119(03)00436-1 · Cited by 73
The Brede database: a small database for functional neuroimaging
Nielsen, F. Å. (2000) · Cited by 63
Aligning Multiple Research Techniques in Cognitive Neuroscience: Why Is It Important?
Bechtel, W. (2002) · Philosophia Scientiæ · doi:10.1086/341767 · Cited by 51
Özcan, M., Baumgärtner, U., Vučurević, G., Stoeter, P., & Treede, R. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.11.037 · Cited by 45
A method for generating reproducible evidence in fMRI studies
Liou, M., Su, H., Lee, J., Aston, J. A. D., Tsai, A. C.-H., & Cheng, P. E. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.08.015 · Cited by 25
Stochastic boundary conditions for coastal flow modeling
Mariano, A. J., Chin, T. M., & Özgökmen, T. M. (2003) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2003gl016972 · Cited by 12
No About Face on Houses in the Fusiform Face Area!
Puce, A. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.11.020 · Cited by 10
A Critique of Functional Localizers
Friston, K. J., Rotshtein, P., Geng, J. J., Sterzer, P., & Henson, R. N. (2010) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/7570.003.0004 · Cited by 7
Schuchard, R. A., Cummings, R. W., Ross, D. L., & Watson, G. R. (2003) · Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science · Cited by 4
Broca's region revisited: Cytoarchitecture and intersubject variability
Amunts, K., Schleicher, A., B�rgel, U., Mohlberg, H., Uylings, H. B. M., & Zilles, K. (1999) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19990920)412:2
High-resolution intersubject averaging and a coordinate system for the cortical surface
Fischl, B., Sereno, M. I., Tootell, R. B. H., & Dale, A. M. (1999) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/(sici)1097-0193(1999)8:4
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 49 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Circular analysis in systems neuroscience: the dangers of double dipping
Kriegeskorte, N., Simmons, W. K., Bellgowan, P. S. F., & Baker, C. I. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2303 · Cited by 2,696
The preregistration revolution
Nosek, B. A., Ebersole, C. R., DeHaven, A. C., & Mellor, D. T. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1708274114 · Cited by 1,998
The fusiform face area: a cortical region specialized for the perception of faces
Kanwisher, N., & Yovel, G. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1934 · Cited by 1,718
Self-citationPuzzlingly High Correlations in fMRI Studies of Emotion, Personality, and Social Cognition
Vul, E., Harris, C., Winkielman, P., & Pashler, H. (2009) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2009.01125.x · Cited by 1,475
Visual field maps in human cortex.
Wandell, B. A., Dumoulin, S. O., & Brewer, A. A. (2007) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2007.10.012 · Cited by 1,231
Metadata
- Authors
- Saxe, R., Brett, M., & Kanwisher, N.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit (GB)
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Saxe, Rebecca
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1088-1096
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2084332617
- Cited by
- 544
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 33 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 13.11
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- functional localizer, statistical power, whole-brain analysis, stereotaxic space, visual cortex, fusiform face area, motion processing
- MeSH terms
- Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Dominance, Cerebral, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Mathematical Computing, Sensitivity and Specificity, Radiosurgery, Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical, Surgery, Computer-Assisted
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
