The DOI matches its Crossref record; 45 of the 46 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Local and global inhibition in bilingual word production: fMRI evidence from Chinese–English bilinguals
Open accessAbstract
The current study examined the neural correlates associated with local and global inhibitory processes used by bilinguals to resolve interference between competing responses. Two groups of participants completed both blocked and mixed picture naming tasks while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). One group first named a set of pictures in L1, and then named the same pictures in L2. The other group first named pictures in L2, and then in L1. After the blocked naming tasks, both groups performed a mixed language naming task (i.e., naming pictures in either language according to a cue). The comparison between the blocked and mixed naming tasks, collapsed across groups, was defined as the local switching effect, while the comparison between blocked naming in each language was defined as the global switching effect. Distinct patterns of neural activation were found for local inhibition as compared to global inhibition in bilingual word production. Specifically, the results suggest that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the supplementary motor area (SMA) play important roles in local inhibition, while the dorsal left frontal gyrus and parietal cortex are important for global inhibition.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“language switching elicits a spatially-distributed activation pattern involving bilateral frontal regions, bilateral precentral areas, bilateral caudate, bilateral (or midline) pre-supplementary areas (pre-SMA), and bilateral temporal regions.”
From Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain (2012) · cites this paper as [65]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
An Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function
Miller, E. K., & Cohen, J. D. (2001) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.24.1.167 · Cited by 12,803
Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex
Bush, G., Luu, P., & Posner, M. I. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01483-2 · Cited by 6,259
The precuneus: a review of its functional anatomy and behavioural correlates
Cavanna, A. E., & Trimble, M. R. (2006) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awl004 · Cited by 5,128
Mental control of the bilingual lexico-semantic system
GREEN, D. W. (1998) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728998000133 · Cited by 2,807
Handbook of bilingualism : psycholinguistic approaches
Kroll, J. F., & de Groot, A. M. B. (2005) · Cited by 2,097
Self-citationBilingual Language Switching in Naming: Asymmetrical Costs of Language Selection
Meuter, R. F. I., & Allport, A. (1999) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1998.2602 · Cited by 1,306
Bilingual language production: The neurocognition of language representation and control
Abutalebi, J., & Green, D. (2007) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2006.10.003 · Cited by 1,302 · cited 5×
“, 2008), the left medial frontal gyrus (Abutalebi and Green, 2007; Wang et al., 2007), and the supplementary motor area (Rodriguez-Fornells et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialImmature Frontal Lobe Contributions to Cognitive Control in Children
Bunge, S. A., Dudukovic, N. M., Thomason, M. E., Vaidya, C. J., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(01)00583-9 · Cited by 1,291
ERP components in Go/Nogo tasks and their relation to inhibition
Falkenstein, M., Hoormann, J., & Hohnsbein, J. (1999) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(99)00008-6 · Cited by 1,149
Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.02.002 · Cited by 1,027
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Misra, M., Guo, T., Bobb, S.C., Kroll, J.F., under review. Electrophysiological evidence for global inhibition in bilingual word production.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 300
Cihan, H., Wu, Y., Peña, P. R., Edwards, J., & Cowan, B. R. (2022) · ACM Conference on Conversational User Interfaces (CUI) · doi:10.1145/3543829.3544511 · Cited by 5
Geng, L., Zhao, X., Xu, Q., Wu, H., Hu, X., Liu, Z., Ming, L., Xue, Z., Yue, C., & Yang, Y. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae042 · Cited by 5
Zhuang, B., Liang, L., & Yang, J. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1134635 · Cited by 5
The Neuroscience of Bilingualism: Cross-Linguistic Influences and Cognitive Effects
Coderre, E. L. (2015) · International and cultural psychology/International and cultural psychology series · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2260-4_4 · Cited by 6
Working Memory in Spanish–English and Chinese–English Bilinguals
Mui, S. (2016) · Psychology and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.11648/j.pbs.20160504.15 · Cited by 5
study on English translation of Chinese four-character idioms
Kang, H., & Yang, Y. (2022) · Linguistics and Culture Review · doi:10.21744/lingcure.v6n1.2185 · Cited by 5
The neural organisation of language production: Evidence from neuroimaging and neuromodulationPreprint
de Zubicaray, G. I. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/pf5sk · Cited by 5
Does Diglossia Impact Brain Structure? Data from Swiss German Early Diglossic Speakers
Berger, L., Mouthon, M., Jost, L. B., Schwab, S., Aybek, S., & Annoni, J. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14040304 · Cited by 4
Chang, Q., Ma, F., Yuan, Q., Chen, M., & Guo, T. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15365 · Cited by 4
Self-citationAoA-L2 and Usage-L2 modulate the functional neuroplasticity of the subcortex
Liu, X., Gao, Z., Liu, W., He, X., & Wang, N. (2023) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105323 · Cited by 4
Chapter 11. Multi-component perspective of cognitive control in bilingualism
Morales, J., Gómez‐Ariza, C. J., & Bajo, M. T. (2016) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.2.12mor · Cited by 4
Language switching may facilitate the processing of negative responses
Zang, A., de Vega, M., Fu, Y., Wang, H., & Beltrán, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906154 · Cited by 4
Bice, K., & Zirnstein, M. (2024) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/19398298.137.2.10 · Cited by 3
Functional Parcellation Between Bilingual Language Control and Cognitive Control in the Cerebellum
Chen, J., Chang, Q., Yuan, Q., Ma, F., Chen, M., Koch, C. G., & Guo, T. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70134 · Cited by 3
Self-citationKang, C., Ma, F., Li, S., & Guo, T. (2023) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2023.101141 · Cited by 3
Self-citationLi, S., Li, L., Zou, L., Yan, X., Zhang, J., Yang, M., & Ding, G. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108165 · Cited by 3
Shen, Q., & Chen, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1090744 · Cited by 3
Bao, M., & Xuan, B. (2025) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2025.109135 · Cited by 3
Bilingualism (multilingualism) Helps Resist Alzheimer's Disease?
Cheng, K., Deng, Y., & Yao, D. (2014) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2014.01723 · Cited by 3
Kroll, J. F. (2017) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.6.02kro · Cited by 3
Self-citationMorphological encoding beyond slots and fillers: An ERP study of comparative formation in English
Clahsen, H., Paulmann, S., Budd, M.-J., & Barry, C. T. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199897 · Cited by 3
Coderre, E. L. (2012) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 3
Psycholinguistic Methods in Multilingual Research
Rossi, E., Krass, K., & Kootstra, G. J. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119387725.ch4 · Cited by 3
Klaus, J., & Schriefers, H. J. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119387725.ch10 · Cited by 3
Bilingual Experience and Executive Control over the Adult Lifespan: The Role of Biological SexPreprint
Subramaniapillai, S., Rajah, M. N., Pasvanis, S., & Titone, D. A. (2018) · OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/tsr36 · Cited by 4
Palomar‐García, M., Villar‐Rodríguez, E., Pérez‐Lozano, C., Sanjuán, A., Bueichekú, E., Miró‐Padilla, A., Costumero, V., Adrián‐Ventura, J., Parcet, M. A., & Ávila, C. (2023) · Brain and Language · doi:10.1016/j.bandl.2023.105231 · Cited by 2
Gavino, M. F., Malul, T., Prior, A., Degani, T., & Gollan, T. H. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106260 · Cited by 3
Garcia, D. L., & Gollan, T. H. (2025) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2025.106385 · Cited by 2
Bilingual Children’s Use of the ‘Maximize Presupposition’ Principle
Stateva, P., Andreetta, S., Reboul, A., & Stepanov, A. (2021) · Glossa a journal of general linguistics · doi:10.5334/gjgl.1236 · Cited by 2
Bilingualism and functional connectivity
Anderson, J. A. E. (2023) · Studies in bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.64.13and · Cited by 2
Multifaceted multilingual experiences modulate neurocognitive mechanisms of task switching
Zhang, H., Li, D., Lei, V. L. C., Leong, T. I., Leong, C. T., Li, J., & Huang, R. (2025) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728925000094 · Cited by 2
Yue, C., Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zeng, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/langcog.2025.7 · Cited by 2
Linguistic and cultural factors associated with phonemic fluency performance in bilingual Hispanics
Bennett, J. (2013) · UNM’s Digital Repository (University of New Mexico) · Cited by 2
Production in Bilingual and Multilingual Speakers
Paolieri, D., Morales, L., & Bajo, M. T. (2017) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118829516.ch4 · Cited by 2
Association of ictal aphasia with hypoperfusion in language areas in temporal lobe epilepsy patients
Damián, A., Legnani, M., Braga, P., & Ferrando, R. (2023) · Epileptic Disorders · doi:10.1002/epd2.20061 · Cited by 1
Neural representations of phonological information in bilingual language production
Liu, X., Wu, X., Feng, Y., Yang, J., Gu, N., & Mei, L. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae451 · Cited by 1
Andrade, K. D., Blumenfeld, H. K., & Riès, S. (2025) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728925100461 · Cited by 2
Yin, H., & Pickering, M. J. (2025) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2025.104701 · Cited by 1
Aberrant regional homogeneity in multiple frequency bands in patients with alcohol use disorder
Ruan, X., Yu, T., You, C., Yang, M., & Chen, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1549970 · Cited by 1
Notational usage modulates attention networks in binumerates
Koul, A., Tyagi, V., & Singh, N. C. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00326 · Cited by 1
The neural overlap and dissociation between language control and domain-general cognitive control
Lu, D., Guo, T., Wu, J., & Liu, H. (2017) · Scientia Sinica Vitae · doi:10.1360/n052017-00183 · Cited by 1
Self-citationLin, Z. (2023) · Ampersand · doi:10.1016/j.amper.2023.100145 · Cited by 1
The (dis)engagement of different components of inhibitory control in trilingual language control.
Gong, Y., Hansen, K., & Chen, J. (2023) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/xlm0001315 · Cited by 1
Koch, I., Sánchez, L. M., Koch, C., Roembke, T. C., Philipp, A. M., & Declerck, M. (2026) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728925100874 · Cited by 1
Research on the fMRI study of Chinese speech region of interest based on DIVA model
Zhang, S., Xu, J. B., & Liu, Y. (2016) · Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC) · doi:10.1109/ccdc.2016.7531958 · Cited by 1
Effects of dense code-switching on executive control
Hofweber, J. E., Marinis, T., & Treffers‐Daller, J. (2019) · Studies in bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.57.11hof · Cited by 3
Psycholinguistic Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism
Rossi, E., & Kroll, J. F. (2013) · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0037 · Cited by 1
Self-citationWodniecka, Z., Szewczyk, J., Kałamała, P., Mandera, P., & Durlik, J. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/yqp8t · Cited by 1
Title of dissertation: AN INVESTIGATION OF INHIBITORY CONTROL IN
Sampson, M., & Faroqi‐Shah, Y. (2015)
How aging and bilingualism influence language processing
Rossi, E., & Diaz, M. T. (2017) · Studies in bilingualism · doi:10.1075/sibil.53.03ros
Warming Up the Language Engines: Short-Term Second Language Use Increases Subsequent Fluency
Shintel, H., & Faust, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2018.00032
Cognitive Inhibitory Control Capacities Revealed by Cross-Language Priming
Neumann, E. (2018) · Archives in Neurology & Neuroscience · doi:10.33552/ann.2018.02.000528
Measuring the Effects of Acculturation on Different Types of Memory in Spanish Speaker
Cadavid, L. (2019) · Trinity College Digital Repository (Trinity College, Hartford CT)
PENGOLAHAN DENDENG IKAN NILA MERAHDALAM BENTUKIRISAN TIPIS (SLICE) DAN KEMASAN VAKUM
Dewi, E. N., & Ibrahim, R. (2005)
Taura, H. (2014) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.34382/00002157
Bilingualism and cognitive reserve: It’s a matter of top-down or bottom-up process
Boutris, P., Rees, J., Bevan, B., & Izura, C. (2020) · Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting · doi:10.14746/yplm.2020.6.5
Language switching and domain-general control in interpreters
Nour, S., & Struys, E. (2023) · Frontiers in Language Sciences · doi:10.3389/flang.2023.1054126
Second Language Neurocognition and First Language Attrition
Keijzer, M. C. J., & Seton, B. J. (2023) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003190912-28 · Cited by 1
Ahn, D., Ferreira, V. S., & Gollan, T. H. (2024) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728923000950 · Cited by 1
Abutalebi, J., Bellini, C., Gallo, F., & Maschio, N. D. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00124-8
The Influence of Linguistic Similarity Degree on Language Conflict
刘, 倩. (2024) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2024.144239
Lexico‐Semantic Attrition of Native Language: Evidence From Russian–Hebrew Bilinguals
Gallo, F., Margaretto, B. B., Malyshevskaya, A., Юрьевич, Ш. Ю., Kreiner, H., Юрьевич, П. М., Petrova, A., & Myachykov, A. (2024) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12678
Understanding the Mechanisms That Allow the Bilingual Mind and Brain to Work in Two Languages
Rossi, E., & Gullifer, J. W. (2024) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5406/19398298.137.2.08
Dynamics of phonetic-level language control in language switching with a letter-naming paradigm
Zhang, Y., Ji, F., Li, Y., Yue, C., Guo, H., & Damian, M. F. (2024) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/13670069241302659 · Cited by 1
Consciousness and internal context
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c11
Internal context and attention, working memory, and effort
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c10
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c12
Control as inherently internal context
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c7
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.ni
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.gi
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.lof
Cognitive control and language control
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c6
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c4
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.ref
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c5
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.abbr
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c1
Control as inherently internal context
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c8
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c9
The Modular Cognition Framework
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c2
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.toc
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.c3
(2019) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.8.prelim
Tip-of-the-pen states in Mandarin handwriting: The effect of brief non-target language exposure
Lin, W., Yang, T., Zheng, G., Yang, Y., Su, Y., & Wang, R. (2025) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-025-01684-2
Wang, T., Yin, K., Zhou, Q. F., Hu, H., Chen, S., & Wang, M. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15080803
Cerebellar engagement for narrative comprehension in Chinese-English bilinguals
Tang, C., Li, H., Zhang, J., Yang, M., Chen, J., Liu, L., Tang, X., Yue, Y., Lei, Y., Liu, L., et al. (2025) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2025.09.015
Psycholinguistic and Neurolinguistic Aspects of Multilingualism
Goral, M. (2025) · Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.1069
Anaya, J. B., Albudoor, N., Bedore, L. M., & Peña, E. D. (2025) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2025_jslhr-25-00114 · Cited by 1
El bilingüismo y el núcleo caudado: el control en el uso de la lengua
Rodríguez-Gascón, S., & Gascón, D. C. (2025) · Revista de Investigación Lingüística · doi:10.6018/ril.648801
Taura, H., & Nakanan, M. (2013) · Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) · doi:10.34382/00002152
Dong, Y., Ke, Y., Zeng, J., Li, H., Wang, X., & Wu, J. (2025) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728925100783
Cai, X., Shi, Y., Lian, A., Chen, H., Li, Y., Xu, Z., & Mo, Y. (2026) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-026-10224-1
Cognitive Flexibility and Bilingual Language Switching: An fMRI Meta‐Analysis
Chuikova, Z. V., Faber, A., Abutalebi, J., Filatov, A. A., Юрьевич, Ш. Ю., & Myachykov, A. (2026) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.70591
Emotional words differentially influence language control in bilinguals: An fMRI study
Liu, W., Liu, H., Xing, Z., & Schwieter, J. W. (2026) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2026.107500
Self-citationZhang, Y., Tu, L., Omata, K., Chen, G., Liu, X., Takamura, T., Zhang, L., Wakasugi, N., Zou, C., Togo, H., et al. (2026) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci16080878
How bilinguals produce a sentence in a second language
Cai, J., & Zhang, X. (2026) · Journal of Second Language Studies · doi:10.1075/jsls.25027.cai
Guo, T., Wu, Y. J., Chen, J., Liu, X., Chen, S., Peng, P., Li, Y., Xie, X., Wen, R., & Guo, T. (2026) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-026-01511-4
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Guo, T., Liu, H., Misra, M., & Kroll, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Beijing Normal University (CN)
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Guo, Taomei
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 56
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 2300-2309
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3741343
- OpenAlex
- W2013937754
- Cited by
- 300
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 42 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 21 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 8.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (30600179)
- NIH (R01-HD053146)
- NSF (OISE-0968369)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Keywords
- local inhibition, global inhibition, interference resolution, language switching, picture naming, Chinese-English bilinguals, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, supplementary motor area, frontal cortex, parietal cortex, neural correlates of inhibition
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted, Inhibition, Psychological, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Multilingualism, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review