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Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma.
Open accessAbstract
Neuropsychological approaches represent an important avenue for identifying susceptibility and resiliency factors relating to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms post-trauma. This review will summarize results from prospective longitudinal and retrospective cross-sectional studies investigating executive function associated with PTSD. This research points specifically towards subtle impairments in response inhibition and attention regulation that may predate trauma exposure, serve as risk factors for the development of PTSD, and relate to the severity of symptoms. These impairments may be exacerbated within emotional or trauma-related contexts, and may relate to dysfunction within dorsal prefrontal networks. A model is presented concerning how such impairments may contribute to the clinical profile of PTSD and lead to the use of alternative coping styles such as avoidance. Further neuropsychological research is needed to identify the effects of treatment on cognitive function and to potentially characterize mechanisms of current PTSD treatments. Knowledge gained from cognitive and neuroscientific research may prove valuable for informing the future development of novel, more effective, treatments for PTSD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
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“Finally, individuals with PTSD have shown impairments in executive dysfunction that can be traced to the prefrontal cortex (Shin et al., 2006; Hopper et al., 2007; Aupperle et al., 2012; Swick et al., 2013; DeGutis et al., 2015; Fenster et al., 2018; Holmes et al., 2018; Lebois et al., 2020).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Aupperle et al., 2012
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“PTSD has been linked to impaired attention regulation and inhibitory control [[13], [14], [15], [16]].”
From A randomized controlled trial of yoga vs nonaerobic exercise for veterans with PTSD: Understanding efficacy, mechanisms of change, and mode of delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
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“However, a review of the literature including a wider range of inhibition tasks suggests that individuals with PTSD do experience inhibition deficits (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
From Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches (2015) · cites this paper as Aupperle et al., 2012
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“Finally, there is inconsistent evidence for planning deficits associated with PTSD (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
From Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches (2015) · cites this paper as Aupperle et al., 2012
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“Semantic verbal fluency is also impaired in individuals with BD (medium effect sizes), OCD (small effect sizes), and ADHD (small effect sizes), while there is inconsistent evidence for verbal fluency in individuals with PTSD (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
From Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches (2015) · cites this paper as Aupperle et al., 2012
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“As described above, the dorsal prefrontal cortex is thought to be critical for multisensory integration (Aupperle et al., 2012; Picó-Pérez et al., 2017) and its activation is necessary for carrying out additional executive functioning tasks, including emotion regulation (Menon, 2011; Cromheeke and Mueller, 2014).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Aupperle et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“At the center of the cognitive control disturbance is difficulty disengaging attention from salient stimuli that may be interpreted as potentially threatening, even if neutral or positively valenced”
From Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“The resulting intrusions and arousal can contribute to the welldocumented deficits in neuropsychological functions such as concentration, sustained attention, executive control, and working memory 111 .”
From Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [111]
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Reward Ameliorates Posttraumatic Stress Disorder-Related Impairment in Sustained Attention
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“Thus, both theoretical models (Aupperle et al., 2012) and empirical evidence (e.g., Pineles et al., 2009; Pineles et al., 2007) support that AC is one facet of executive control that contributes to PTSS.”
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“Impairments in set-shifting are observed in patients with severe symptoms of PTSD [3], including difficulties in disengaging attention to traumarelated stimuli, leading to a reliance on avoidant coping strategies that contribute to the development of PTSD symptoms [4,5].”
Attention deficits as a key player in the symptomatology of posttraumatic stress disorder: A review
Punski‐Hoogervorst, J. L., Engel‐Yeger, B., & Avital, A. (2023) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.25177 · Cited by 22
“In human subjects, enhanced attention regulation was found to contribute to reducing intrusive symptoms such as re- experiencing after exposure to psychotrauma (Aupperle et al., 2012; Hagenaars & Putman, 2011).”
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“…hippocampal neurogenesis is shown to play an important role in cognitive flexibility, which may enable individuals to disengage from trauma-15 related memories and thoughts, decreasing cardinal PTSD symptoms such as intrusive thoughts and flashbacks (Aupperle et al., 2012; Anacker & Hen, 2017).”
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Executive attention impairment in adolescents with schizophrenia who have used cannabis
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“Inhibitory control may play a specific role in establishing and maintaining PTSD symptoms (Aupperle et al., 2012), and it is important to distinguish between facets that are impaired and those that are spared.”
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“…mechanism underlying PTSD symptom development and relate to PTSD symptom severity due to difficulties in disengaging from threat/defence processing and reorienting attention to task-relevant stimuli (Pineles et al., 2007, 2009; Aupperle et al., 2012; Russman Block et al., 2017; Evans et al., 2022).”
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“Moreover, emotional processing and threat perception are also often altered (Aupperle et al., 2012; Dalgleish et al., 2003).”
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“This training provided a relatively well-matched placebo condition due to involving (1) the same frequency/duration of computerbased training as EFT, (2) cognitively active tasks, (3) a plausible intervention to veterans, but was (4) unrelated to the domains of function theorized to be important for PTSD.”
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Propranolol's impact on cognitive performance in post-traumatic stress disorder
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Moderating Effects of BDNF Genetic Variants and Smoking on Cognition in PTSD Veterans
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“Such tasks have been considered more ecologically valid, as emotion regulation functions may be central for the development of psychopathology after trauma (Aupperle et al., 2012; Briggs-Gowan et al., 2015; Sætren et al., 2021; Schweizer et al., 2019; Shackman et al., 2007).”
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“Recent conceptualizations of the PTSD pathophysiology have implicated impairments in executive function, including working memory, as important physiological phenomena related to the expression of emotional and arousal symptoms, as opposed to simply being co-morbid deficits (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
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“, 2014), have also been associated with cognitive deficits (Aupperle et al., 2012; Trivedi and Greer, 2014) and are thought to mediate the relationship between head injury and cognitive sequelae (Nelson et al.”
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“These findings align with the prevailing theories that posit a mutual reinforcement between deficits in executive function and core symptoms of PTSD (Aupperle et al., 2012), and underscore the importance of a greater understanding of the neurobiological substrate of individual differences in susceptibility to the diso…”
InfluentialNeigh, G. N., Ritschel, L. A., Kilpela, L. S., Harrell, C. S., & Bourke, C. H. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.09.075 · Cited by 18
“Post-trauma individual factors are also predictive of the development of PTSD. Specifically, the ability to cognitively disengage from the trauma (Aupperle et al., 2012), degree of available posttrauma social support (Pine and Cohen, 2002), degree of acute post-trauma symptomatology, and comorbid…”
BackgroundHampstead, B. M., Briceño, E. M., Mascaro, N., Mourdoukoutas, A. P., & Bikson, M. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0070-9 · Cited by 19
“, executive abilities like working memory) are commonly impaired in those with PTSD [18, 20].”
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Impaired executive function exacerbates neural markers of posttraumatic stress disorder
Jagger-Rickels, A. C., Stumps, A. D., Rothlein, D., Park, H., Fortenbaugh, F. C., Zuberer, A., Fonda, J. R., Fortier, C. B., Degutis, J. M., Milberg, W., et al. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721000842 · Cited by 18
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“, 2020; Vasterling, Brailey, Constans, & Sutker, 1998), impaired sustained attention produces significant functional impairments and may extend PTSD chronicity (Catarino, Küpper, WernerSeidler, Dalgleish, & Anderson, 2015; Aupperle et al., 2012; Jagger-Rickels et al., 2022).”
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Long-term follow-up of attentional and executive functions of PTSD patients.
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“, 2002), and these results were used to support a widespread dysfunction model in inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility in PTSD, which could help explain the difficulties in regulating both neuropsychological processes (Aupperle et al., 2012; Johnsen & Asbjørnsen, 2009; Vasterling et al., 2002).”
de Viteri, S. S., Pandey, A. K., Pandey, G., Kamarajan, C., Smith, R. L., Anokhin, A. P., Bauer, L. O., Bender, A. K., Chan, G., Dick, D. M., et al. (2020) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1789 · Cited by 19
“In the few studies that have been conducted (Aupperle et al., 2012) results were inconsistent, limited by small sample sizes of individuals with or without PTSD and only a single study investigated a specific type of trauma (Kanagaratnam & Asbjornsen, 2007; Lagarde, Doyon, & Brunet, 2010; Twamley…”
BackgroundResultOn the relation between mind wandering, PTSD symptomology, and self-control
Brosowsky, N. P., Smith, A. C., Smilek, D., & Seli, P. (2022) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2022.103288 · Cited by 17
“…attention internally (Carriere et al., 2013), intrusive thoughts are thought to reflect a failure of control and PTSD is often associated with the avoidance of internally directed attention due to the aversive nature of trauma-related thoughts (e.g., Aupperle et al., 2012; Foa & Kozak, 1986).”
BackgroundInsular activation and functional connectivity in firefighters with post-traumatic stress disorder
Lee, D., Lee, J. E., Lee, J., Kim, C., & Jung, Y. (2022) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2022.32 · Cited by 17
“2 Interestingly, research has indicated that difficulty with executive function in people with PTSD is more prominent in trauma-related contexts 3 and that individuals with PTSD have difficulty exercising top-down executive control while engaging with stress-related stimuli.”
Haim‐Nachum, S., Sopp, M. R., Bonanno, G. A., & Levy‐Gigi, E. (2022) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-022-10328-7 · Cited by 19
“That is, the performance on the updating task may be the result of third variables related to or caused by PTSD symptoms such as reduced concentration, neuropsychological impairment, or attentional processes (Aupperle et al., 2012; Hayes et al., 2012; Sherin & Nemeroff, 2011; Summer et al., 2017).”
BackgroundAssessing and Modelling of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Using Molecular and Functional Biomarkers
Skolariki, K., Vrahatis, A. G., Krokidis, M. G., Exarchos, T. P., & Vlamos, P. (2023) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology12081050 · Cited by 22
“Studies have demonstrated that individuals with PTSD exhibit reduced reward processing compared to healthy controls, indicating potential dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic pathway responsible for reward processing and motivation [40].”
BackgroundFine, N. B., Achituv, M., Etkin, A., Merin, O., & Shalev, A. Y. (2018) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2018.1442602 · Cited by 17
“Asbjørnsen, 2008; Samuelson, 2011), attention, and executive functioning (Aupperle et al., 2011; Polak, Witteveen, Reitsma, & Olff, 2012).”
BackgroundDiane Swick, A., & Ashley, V. (2020) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2020.102278 · Cited by 17
“Difficulties with both emotional and cognitive control could potentially interfere with routine daily activities and successful treatment response (Aupperle et al., 2012; Crocker et al., 2018; van Rooij & Jovanovic, 2018).”
BackgroundReuman, L., & Thompson‐Hollands, J. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/cpsp.12375 · Cited by 17
Guo, X., Edmed, S. L., Anderson, V. A., & Kenardy, J. A. (2016) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000305 · Cited by 17
“However, while sustained attention predicted hyperarousal symptoms in the total sample, it did not predict reexperiencing symptoms as expected by the Neurobiological hypothesis (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluentialAlbert, L. S. (2021) · Education and Urban Society · doi:10.1177/00131245211048427 · Cited by 18
“On the brighter side, attentive and caring teachers may be able to win the trust of traumatized students more effectively and will be able to provide them the opportunity to feel safe, cared for and known (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundAlon, Y., Bar‐Haim, Y., Dykan, C. D. G., Suarez‐Jimenez, B., Zhu, X., Neria, Y., & Lazarov, A. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102715 · Cited by 18
Adams, Z. W., Adams, T., Stauffacher, K., Mandel, H., & Wang, Z.-W. (2015) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054715580846 · Cited by 16
Radomski, M. V., Davidson, L., Smith, L., Finkelstein, M. J., Cecchini, A., Heaton, K. J., McCulloch, K. L., Scherer, M. R., & Weightman, M. M. (2018) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usx045 · Cited by 17
The impact of BDNF Val66Met on cognitive skills in veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder
Meštrović, A. H., Tudor, L., Erjavec, G. N., Perković, M. N., Štrac, D. Š., Petrović, Z. K., & Pivac, N. (2020) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135235 · Cited by 17
“Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a trauma-induced stress-related disorder with cognitive decline contributing to the development, maintenance or exacerbation of symptoms [1].”
BackgroundSchultebraucks, K., Ben‐Zion, Z., Admon, R., Keynan, J. N., Liberzon, I., Hendler, T., & Shalev, A. Y. (2022) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-022-01445-6 · Cited by 17
“Dysfunctions associated with PTSD risk included verbal learning, short-term and declarative memory, working memory, information processing speed [14, 15], attention, executive functioning [16, 17], altered response inhibition, attentional switching, and cognitive flexibility [18–22].”
BackgroundAn analysis of inhibitory functioning in individuals with chronic posttraumatic stress disorder
Echiverri-Cohen, A. M., Zoellner, L. A., Ho, W., & Husain, J. (2015) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.12.002 · Cited by 16
Warhaftig, G., Zifman, N., Sokolik, C. M., Massart, R., Gabay, O., Sapozhnikov, D. M., Vaisheva, F., Lichtenstein, Y., Confortti, N., Ahdoot, H. L., et al. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01178-y · Cited by 16
Chao, D., Hale, A. C., Henry, N. L., Kratz, A. L., & Gabel, N. (2021) · Current Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Reports · doi:10.1007/s40141-021-00319-2 · Cited by 15
Bardeen, J. R., Gorday, J. Y., & Weathers, F. W. (2022) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2022.102556 · Cited by 19
Zahedi, A., Lynn, S. J., & Sommer, W. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1388347 · Cited by 18
Melinder, A. M. D., Augusti, E., Matre, M., & Endestad, T. (2015) · Psychological Trauma Theory Research Practice and Policy · doi:10.1037/tra0000048 · Cited by 17
Association between spatial working memory and Re-experiencing symptoms in PTSD
Mathew, A. S., Lotfi, S., Bennett, K. P., Larsen, S. E., Dean, C., Larson, C. L., & Lee, H. (2021) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2021.101714 · Cited by 18
Gilmore, C. S., Marquardt, C. A., Kang, S. S., & Sponheim, S. R. (2016) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2016.12.002 · Cited by 15
“These findings may be clinically relevant as attention and orking memory problems are common cognitive sequelae of both TBI [2,3] and PTSD [4].”
BackgroundD-Cycloserine Facilitates Reversal in an Animal Model of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
George, S. A., Rodriguez-Santiago, M., Riley, J., Abelson, J. L., Floresco, S., & Liberzon, I. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.03.037 · Cited by 15
“A review of executive function in PTSD [32] concluded that there is evidence for complex, albeit subtle, deficits in aspects of executive control in PTSD patients.”
Fonzo, G. A., Fine, N. B., Wright, R. N., Achituv, M., Zaiko, Y. V., Merin, O., Shalev, A. Y., & Etkin, A. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.05.007 · Cited by 15
Neural Mechanisms of Spatial Attention Deficits in Trauma
Block, S. R., Weissman, D. H., Sripada, C., Angstadt, M., Duval, E. R., King, A. P. J., & Liberzon, I. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.05.014 · Cited by 18
Neurocognitive, emotional and neuroendocrine correlates of exposure to sexual assault in women
Quidé, Y., Cléry, H., Andersson, F., Descriaud, C., Saint‐Martin, P., Barantin, L., Gissot, V., Bas, M.-P. C. L., Osterreicher, S., Dufour‐Rainfray, D., et al. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.170116 · Cited by 18
“22,25 In addition to cognitive deficits, PTSD has been associated with deficits in emotional processing.”
Bergen‐Cico, D., Grant, T., Hirshfield, L., Razza, R. A., Costa, M. R., & Kilaru, P. (2021) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-021-01705-6 · Cited by 15
A Qualitative Study of Self and Caregiver Perspectives on How Autistic Individuals Cope With Trauma
Ng‐Cordell, E., Rai, A., Peracha, H., Garfield, T., Lankenau, S. E., Robins, D. L., Berkowitz, S. J., Newschaffer, C. J., & Kerns, C. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.825008 · Cited by 14
Ely, S. L., Zundel, C. G., Gowatch, L. C., Evanski, J. M., Bhogal, A., Carpenter, C., Shampine, M. M., & Marusak, H. A. (2023) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2023.1244685 · Cited by 15
“The authors suggest that PTSD’s effect on orienting attention may indicate an impairment in disengaging from cues, which may contribute to PTSD-related threat biases (Aupperle et al., 2012), though this disengagement concern encompasses non-emotional stimuli as well.”
BackgroundValencia, M., Delgado, L. C., & Aguirre–Acevedo, D. C. (2017) · CES Psicología · doi:10.21615/cesp.10.2.4 · Cited by 16
Anticipatory versus reactive spatial attentional bias to threat
Gladwin, T. E., Möbius, M., McLoughlin, S., & Tyndall, I. T. (2018) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjop.12309 · Cited by 14
Boyd, J. E., O’Connor, C., Protopopescu, A., Jetly, R., Rhind, S. G., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2019) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/2470547019841599 · Cited by 18
“Notably, a recent meta-analysis of computerized cognitive training (bottom-up approach) in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction in major depressive disorder found no significant effects on executive functioning,(21) a key component of cognitive dysfunction among individuals with PTSD.(12) Goal Management Training (G…”
BackgroundInfluentialBomyea, J. A., Stout, D. M., & Simmons, A. N. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.07.050 · Cited by 14
Rutter, L. A., Vahia, I. V., Passell, E. J., Forester, B. P., & Germine, L. T. (2020) · International Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1017/s1041610220000228 · Cited by 15
“Indeed, other studies have demonstrated specific cognitive deficits in PTSD, including deficits in inhibitory control (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundCognitive Load Undermines Thought Suppression in Acute Stress Disorder
Nixon, R. D. V., & Rackebrandt, J. (2016) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2016.02.010 · Cited by 17
“Mixed findings have been observed for the dot-probe task in more chronic (i.e., PTSD) samples.”
ResultInfluentialBadura-Brack, A. S., McDermott, T. J., Becker, K. M., Ryan, T. J., Khanna, M. M., Pine, D. S., Bar‐Haim, Y., Heinrichs‐Graham, E., & Wilson, T. W. (2017) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.11.008 · Cited by 15
“…et al., 2012); however, PTSD is also characterized by difficulties in attentional control and executive function (e.g., Leskin and White, 2007; Aupperle et al., 2012; Blair et al., 2013) consistent with an intrusion model of symptoms (e.g. Brewin et al., 2010, 1996; Brewin and Burgess, 2014).”
BackgroundResultMeasuring Resilience to Operational Stress in Canadian Armed Forces Personnel
Hellewell, S. C., & Černak, I. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22261 · Cited by 14
Yoder, J. R., & Precht, M. (2019) · International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology · doi:10.1177/0306624x19865185 · Cited by 17
A resting-state network comparison of combat-related PTSD with combat-exposed and civilian controls
Vanasse, T. J., Franklin, C. G., Salinas, F. S., Ramage, A. E., Calhoun, V. D., Robinson, P. C., Kok, M., Peterson, A. L., Mintz, J., Litz, B. T., et al. (2019) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsz072 · Cited by 13
Crum, K. I., Flanagan, J. C., Vaughan, B. K., Aloi, J. M., Maria, M. M. M., Back, S. E., Brady, K. T., & Joseph, J. E. (2021) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2021.111345 · Cited by 13
Suarez‐Jimenez, B., Lazarov, A., Zhu, X., Pine, D. S., Bar‐Haim, Y., & Neria, Y. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s003329172200157x · Cited by 13
“…2004), as prior research has shown the emotional effect of viewing negative facial expressions in PTSD (Armony, Corbo, Clement, & Brunei, 2005; Rauch et al., 2000), and more specifically in those with a history of an interpersonal trauma (Fonzo et al., 2010; Garrett et al., 2012; Lee & Lee, 2014).”
Espeleta, H. C., Taylor, D. L., Kraft, J. D., & Grant, D. M. (2020) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1706538 · Cited by 15
“Though attentional control has been studied as a primary pathway to psychopathology, other data suggest it may not be sufficient to fully explain the relation.(42) As such, additional research is needed to examine co-occurring cognitive”
BackgroundHenschel, A. V., Williams, J. L., & Hardt, M. M. (2021) · Journal of loss & trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2020.1841506 · Cited by 12
Mental Time Travel in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Current Gaps and Future Directions
Rahman, N., & Brown, A. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.624707 · Cited by 13
“MTT is thought to serve several critical functions, including decision-making (Aupperle et al., 2011), problem-solving (Suddendorf and Corballis, 1997), and goal-setting and implementation (Breeden et al.”
BackgroundPowers, A. D., Hinojosa, C. A., Stevens, J. S., Harvey, B., Pas, P., ROTHBAUM, B. O., Ressler, K. J., Jovanović, T., & van Rooij, S. J. H. (2022) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2022.2059993 · Cited by 13
“Since de fi cits in inhibitory con-trol can have substantial detrimental e ff ects on daily functioning in addition to the development of PTSD (Aupperle, Melrose, Stein, & Paulus, 2012), o ff ering interventions that are best suited to help trauma patients directly address these de fi cits warrants…”
BackgroundAlbott, C. S., Lim, K. O., Erbes, C. R., THURAS, P. D., Wels, J., Tye, S. J., & Shiroma, P. R. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.04.066 · Cited by 13
Can't stop thinking: The role of cognitive control in suppression-induced forgetting
Chen, S., Mao, X., & Wu, Y. (2022) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108274 · Cited by 12
Esterlis, I., DeBonee, S., Cool, R., Holmes, S. E., Baldassarri, S. R., Maruff, P. T., Pietrzak, R. H., & Davis, M. T. (2022) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470221105804 · Cited by 14
“It is possible, for example, that upregulated mGluR5 and related attention deficit constituted a preexisting risk factor that contributed to the development of PTSD. Future research should investigate the relationship between mGluR5 availability and clinically relevant variables including attention at multiple time po…”
BackgroundInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Aupperle, Robin L.
- Venue
- Neuropharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 686-694
- ISSN
- 0028-3908 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4719148
- OpenAlex
- W2106557234
- Cited by
- 657
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016663)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, executive function, response inhibition, attentional control, prefrontal cortex, avoidance coping, risk factors, symptom severity, trauma exposure, neuropsychological assessment, PTSD treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Attention, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Memory, Short-Term, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Executive Function
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