The DOI matches its Crossref record; 152 of the 152 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Executive function and PTSD: disengaging from trauma.
Open accessAbstract
Neuropsychological approaches represent an important avenue for identifying susceptibility and resiliency factors relating to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms post-trauma. This review will summarize results from prospective longitudinal and retrospective cross-sectional studies investigating executive function associated with PTSD. This research points specifically towards subtle impairments in response inhibition and attention regulation that may predate trauma exposure, serve as risk factors for the development of PTSD, and relate to the severity of symptoms. These impairments may be exacerbated within emotional or trauma-related contexts, and may relate to dysfunction within dorsal prefrontal networks. A model is presented concerning how such impairments may contribute to the clinical profile of PTSD and lead to the use of alternative coping styles such as avoidance. Further neuropsychological research is needed to identify the effects of treatment on cognitive function and to potentially characterize mechanisms of current PTSD treatments. Knowledge gained from cognitive and neuroscientific research may prove valuable for informing the future development of novel, more effective, treatments for PTSD. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder'.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Finally, individuals with PTSD have shown impairments in executive dysfunction that can be traced to the prefrontal cortex (Shin et al., 2006; Hopper et al., 2007; Aupperle et al., 2012; Swick et al., 2013; DeGutis et al., 2015; Fenster et al., 2018; Holmes et al., 2018; Lebois et al., 2020).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Aupperle et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“PTSD has been linked to impaired attention regulation and inhibitory control [[13], [14], [15], [16]].”
From A randomized controlled trial of yoga vs nonaerobic exercise for veterans with PTSD: Understanding efficacy, mechanisms of change, and mode of delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, a review of the literature including a wider range of inhibition tasks suggests that individuals with PTSD do experience inhibition deficits (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
From Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches (2015) · cites this paper as Aupperle et al., 2012
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Finally, there is inconsistent evidence for planning deficits associated with PTSD (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
From Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches (2015) · cites this paper as Aupperle et al., 2012
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Semantic verbal fluency is also impaired in individuals with BD (medium effect sizes), OCD (small effect sizes), and ADHD (small effect sizes), while there is inconsistent evidence for verbal fluency in individuals with PTSD (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
From Advancing understanding of executive function impairments and psychopathology: bridging the gap between clinical and cognitive approaches (2015) · cites this paper as Aupperle et al., 2012
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“As described above, the dorsal prefrontal cortex is thought to be critical for multisensory integration (Aupperle et al., 2012; Picó-Pérez et al., 2017) and its activation is necessary for carrying out additional executive functioning tasks, including emotion regulation (Menon, 2011; Cromheeke and Mueller, 2014).”
From How Processing of Sensory Information From the Internal and External Worlds Shape the Perception and Engagement With the World in the Aftermath of Trauma: Implications for PTSD (2021) · cites this paper as Aupperle et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“At the center of the cognitive control disturbance is difficulty disengaging attention from salient stimuli that may be interpreted as potentially threatening, even if neutral or positively valenced”
From Exercise Intervention in PTSD: A Narrative Review and Rationale for Implementation (2019) · cites this paper as [75]
In the citing paper
“The resulting intrusions and arousal can contribute to the welldocumented deficits in neuropsychological functions such as concentration, sustained attention, executive control, and working memory 111 .”
From Post‐traumatic stress disorder: a state‐of‐the‐art review of evidence and challenges (2019) · cites this paper as [111]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
James, W. (1891) · Personality Culture Society · doi:10.1037/11059-000 · Cited by 25,876
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey
Kessler, R. C. (1995) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012 · Cited by 10,379 · cited 2×
“other real-life horrorsdat some point in their lives (Kessler et al., 1995).”
VALIDITY OF THE TRAIL MAKING TEST AS AN INDICATOR OF ORGANIC BRAIN DAMAGE
Reitan, R. M. (1958) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1958.8.3.271 · Cited by 8,167 · cited 3×
“Classical measures of flexibility and switching include the Trail-Making Test (TMT, Partington and Leiter, 1949; Reynolds, 2002; Delis, et al 2001; Reitan, 1958), involving connection of " dots " while switching between letter and number (i.e., 1-A- 2-B-3-C), and verbal fluency switching (as in the ), while others hav…”
Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex
Bechara, A., Damasio, A. R., Damasio, H., & Anderson, S. W. (1994) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(94)90018-3 · Cited by 6,128
Emotional processing of fear: Exposure to corrective information.
Foa, E. B., & Kozak, M. J. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.99.1.20 · Cited by 5,396 · cited 3×
“Persistent use of avoidance strategies keeps individuals from situations in which they could potentially learn to inhibit re-experiencing and hyperarousal symptomsdthus helping maintain the disorder (Foa and Kozak, 1986).”
Specific impairments of planning
Shallice, T. (1982) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. B, Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1982.0082 · Cited by 3,741
Testing the efficiency and independence of attentional networks
Fan, J., McCandliss, B. D., Sommer, T., Raz, A., & Posner, M. I. (2002) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892902317361886 · Cited by 3,717
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III
Ryan, J. J., & Lopez, S. J. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1185-4_2 · Cited by 3,680
Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal Cortex
Bechara, A. (2000) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/10.3.295 · Cited by 3,589 · cited 1×
“Many decision making tasks (e.g., Iowa Gambling Task) have been proposed to involve not only rational input regarding the objective value of choices, but also an " emotional " or " somatic " input directing an individual towards one choice over another (Bechara et al., 2000, 2003).”
Etkin, A., & Wager, T. D. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030504 · Cited by 3,391 · cited 2×
“, 2007) and meta-analyses (Etkin and Wager, 2007) and suggest hyperactivation within limbic regions (particularly amygdala and insula) and hypoactivation of prefrontal regions, including anterior cingulate (ACC; including both rostral and dorsal) and ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vMPFC).”
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Partington, 1949, Partington's pathway test, Psychol. Serv. Center Bull., 1, 9
- Rey, 1941, L'examen psychologique dans les cas d'encephalopathie traumatique, Arch. Psychol, 28, 286
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 656
Boyd, B. L., Rodgers, C. S., Aupperle, R. L., & Jak, A. J. (2015) · Cognitive and Behavioral Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2015.10.001 · Cited by 13
Self-citationImpact of executive function on efficacy obtaining resources following intimate partner violence
Lee, M. S., & DePrince, A. P. (2017) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21887 · Cited by 18
“…tests measure aspects of EFs that have been previously linked with IPV, including inhibitory function, attention, processing speed, and working memory (Aupperle et al., 2012; Litz et al., 1996;Majer,Nater, Lin, Capuron,&Reeves, 2010; Stein et al., 2002;Vasterling, Brailey, Constans,&Sutker, 1998).”
MethodSadeh, N., Spielberg, J. M., & Hayes, J. P. (2017) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2017.11.001 · Cited by 16
“Based on these and other findings (Aupperle et al., 2012; Etkin & Wager, 2007; Jovanovic & Ressler, 2010), posttraumatic stress may Note: PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMonn, A. R., Zhang, N., & Gewirtz, A. H. (2018) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22351 · Cited by 14
“The current study was the first of which we are aware to establish IC as a moderator in the association between trauma exposure and PTSD, providing some support for the proposal that deficits in IC may be a risk factor for the development of PTSD (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundResultNeurocomputational Changes in Inhibitory Control Associated With Prolonged Exposure Therapy
Harlé, K. M., Spadoni, A. D., Norman, S. B., & Simmons, A. N. (2019) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1002/jts.22461 · Cited by 13
“Such alterations generally involve impaired performance combined with hyporecruitment of ventrolateral, medial, and inferior prefrontal regions of the brain in the context of proactive control performance (e.g., cognitive reappraisal, inhibitory control tasks; Aupperle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundPopescu, M., Popescu, E.-A., DeGraba, T. J., & Hughes, J. D. (2019) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102154 · Cited by 16
“The PTSD symptoms are accompanied by lower performance on neuropsychological tests of attention, memory and executive function (e.g. Vasterling et al., 1998; Bremner et al., 2004; Yehuda et al., 2005; Aupperle et al., 2012; Scott et al., 2015).”
Matsumoto, N., & Kawaguchi, J. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101569 · Cited by 15
Blekić, W., Rossignol, M., Wauthia, E., & Felmingham, K. L. (2021) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2021.09.009 · Cited by 9
Blekić, W., Wauthia, É., Kornacka, M., Arachchige, K. K., Lefèbvre, L., & Rossignol, M. (2021) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2021.1909281 · Cited by 13
Visualizing the IKEA effect: experiential consumption assessed with fNIRS-based neuroimaging
Oishi, H., Nakazawa, K., Takahashi, T., Kyutoku, Y., & Dan, I. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroergonomics · doi:10.3389/fnrgo.2023.1129582 · Cited by 13
Agnoli, S., Zuberer, A., Nanni‐Zepeda, M., McGlinchey, R. E., Milberg, W., Esterman, M. S., & Degutis, J. M. (2023) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1155/2023/2925551 · Cited by 12
“One explanation for this association is that PTSD-related increases in autonomic arousal impair processes necessary for successful self-re fl ection (e.g., inhibitory control; [5, 29]).”
Maxfield, M., Li, X., & Widom, C. S. (2023) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/neu0000911 · Cited by 31
Daugherty, J. C., García-Navas-Menchero, M., Fernández-Fillol, C., Hidalgo-Ruzzante, N. A., & Pérez-Garcı́a, M. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14100996 · Cited by 19
“We also know that cognitive deterioration, in domains such as executive functioning, may interfere with advancements in psychotherapy, given that attention and planning are necessary for reaching psychother-apeutic objectives [10,11].”
BackgroundRosman, L. A., Ford, J., Whited, A. L., Cahill, J. M., Lampert, R., Mosesso, V., Lawless, C., & Sears, S. (2016) · European Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1177/1474515115587165 · Cited by 10
Smits, F., de Kort, G. J., & Geuze, E. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03086-5 · Cited by 12
Jurick, S. M., Crocker, L. D., Sanderson‐Cimino, M. E., Keller, A. V., Trenova, L. S., Boyd, B. L., Twamley, E. W., Rodgers, C. S., Schiehser, D. M., Aupperle, R. L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000313 · Cited by 13
Self-citationAge As Moderator of Emotional Stroop Task Performance in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Bielecki, M., Popiel, A., Zawadzki, B., & Sędek, G. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01614 · Cited by 12
“…correlates with increased top-down attentional control (White et al., 2015), whereas the behavioral data show that PTSD patients are characterized by lower levels of executive control both before and after the occurrence the traumatic stressor (Buckley, 2000; Aupperle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundVoß, M., Ehring, T. W., & Wolkenstein, L. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9976-8 · Cited by 12
Golde, S., Wingenfeld, K., Riepenhausen, A., Schröter, N., Fleischer, J., Pruessner, J. C., Grimm, S., Fan, Y., Hellmann‐Regen, J., Beck, A., et al. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002198 · Cited by 13
“Despite some earlier reports of decreased inhibitory performance associated with trauma (Aupperle et al., 2012), trauma-exposed participants without current psychopathology frequently do not suffer from significant behavioural impairments (Falconer et al.”
BackgroundBomyea, J. A., Simmons, A. N., Shenton, M. E., Coleman, M. J., Sylvain Bouix, A., Yogesh Rathi, A., Pasternak, O., Coimbra, R. S. M., Shutter, L., George, M. S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2019.11.012 · Cited by 13
“To date, studies of cognitive sequelae of PTSD point to deficits in memory, executive functioning, and attention (Aupperle et al., 2012; Golier and Yehuda, 2002; Qureshi et al., 2011; Vasterling et al., 2002) and a recent meta-analysis in children suggested that maltreatment with PTSD was associated with worse perform…”
BackgroundSelf-citationLarkin, M. B., McGinnis, J. P., Snyder, R. I., Storch, E. A., Goodman, W. K., Viswanathan, A., & Sheth, S. A. (2020) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/2020.4.jns2061 · Cited by 12
Tomas, C. W., Webb, E. K., Bennett, K. P., Huggins, A. A., Fitzgerald, J. M., Miskovich, T. A., Krukowki, J., deRoon‐Cassini, T. A., & Larson, C. L. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.02.006 · Cited by 14
“Less activation of the cingulate cortex in response to trauma-related stimuli is commonly reported in trauma populations with and without PTSD (45,53).”
Musical experience prior to traumatic exposure as a resilience factor: a conceptual analysis
Fraile, E., Gagnepain, P., Eustache, F., Groussard, M., & Platel, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1220489 · Cited by 15
“Individual differences in inhibiting unwanted memories can be explained by differences in executive control (Levy and Anderson, 2008), and although authors have yet to establish whether executive functioning disorders are a cause or a consequence of PTSD, executive functions and inhibition are particularly impaired in…”
BackgroundEvren, C., Umut, G., Bozkurt, M., & Evren, B. (2017) · Journal of Dual Diagnosis · doi:10.1080/15504263.2017.1404665 · Cited by 11
Alper, H., Tuly, R., Seil, K., & Brite, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197330 · Cited by 11
The role of intrusive and deliberate ruminations for meaning making in stressful events
Kamijo, N., & Yukawa, S. (2015) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.86.14037 · Cited by 11
Judah, M. R., Renfroe, J. B., Wangelin, B. C., Turner, T. H., & Tuerk, P. W. (2017) · Journal of Head Trauma Rehabilitation · doi:10.1097/htr.0000000000000356 · Cited by 11
Clausen, A. N., Billinger, S. A., Sisante, J.-F. V., Suzuki, H., & Aupperle, R. L. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02151 · Cited by 12
“PTSD has also been associated with dysregulation and volumetric changes in neural networks, particularly the salience network (connected by aspects of the anterior cingulate and insular cortex) that are linked with autonomic and cardiovascular regulation (Aupperle et al., 2012; Schmidt et al., 2015; Stillman and Auppe…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHerzog, S., DePierro, J. M., & D'Andrea, W. M. (2018) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2018.03.001 · Cited by 11
Măirean, C. (2020) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2020.100830 · Cited by 11
Spies, G., Mall, S., Wieler, H., Masilela, L., Konkiewitz, E. C., & Seedat, S. (2020) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2020.1781432 · Cited by 12
Rippey, C. S., Pietrzak, R. H., Maruff, P. T., & Adams, T. G. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105820 · Cited by 13
Avery, T. J., Blasey, C. M., Rosen, C. S., & Bayley, P. J. (2018) · Military Medicine · doi:10.1093/milmed/usy045 · Cited by 11
Should social enterprises complement or supplement public health provision?
Poveda, S. C., Gill, M., Junio, D. R., Thinyane, H., & Catan, V. (2019) · Social enterprise journal · doi:10.1108/sej-12-2018-0083 · Cited by 11
Lausi, G., Cricenti, C., Mari, E., Burrai, J., Quaglieri, A., Giannini, A. M., & Barchielli, B. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1367489 · Cited by 10
Augsburger, M., & Galatzer‐Levy, I. R. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02728-4 · Cited by 14
López‐Castro, T., Martin, L., Nickley, S., Saraiya, T. C., & Melara, R. D. (2021) · Clinical EEG and Neuroscience · doi:10.1177/15500594211046703 · Cited by 10
“Three distinct stages of altered attentional control to threatening stimuli have been identified in PTSD: (1) detection and approach toward trauma-related stimuli (attentional facilitation); (2) difficulty disengaging from threatening stimuli at the expense of task performance (attentional interference)(22,23); and (3…”
BackgroundMethodKyriakou, E. I., Nguyen, H. P., Homberg, J. R., & van der Harst, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2017.08.012 · Cited by 10
PTSD symptoms are associated with visual retrieval performance in OEF/OIF/OND veterans
Aase, D. M., DiGangi, J. A., Babione, J. M., Schroth, C., Levy, D. M., Kennedy, A. E., Proescher, E., Greenstein, J. E., Walters, R. P., Passi, H., et al. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.07.041 · Cited by 10
“These analyses allow for more theoretical consideration regarding how PTSD symptom clusters specifically may be associated with neuropsychological performance, as few studies (e.g., Aupperle et al., 2012; Wrocklage et al., 2016) have considered this specifically.”
The regulatory role of attention in PTSD from an information processing perspective
Bardeen, J. R. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816022-0.00011-9 · Cited by 10
Biscoe, N., New, E., & Murphy, D. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01713-w · Cited by 9
“By separately analysing both PTSD and DSO symptom clusters, the current study has highlighted the potential role of emotion dysregulation in the overlap between EF impairment and PTSD observed in previous studies [10–12].”
BackgroundWang, X., Li, L., Zhan, L., Sun, X., Huang, Z., & Zhang, L. (2024) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-024-10174-1 · Cited by 8
“There was a significant association between trait attentional con - trol and parietal AAC (Morillas-Romero et al. 2015), and attention regulation is a risk factor for posttraumatic stress disorder (Aupperle et al. 2012 ).”
Neurobiology of Chronic Pain, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Young, G. C., Thielen, H., Samuelson, K. W., & Jin, J. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14060662 · Cited by 8
“Inhibitory control deficits are often considered the most clinically significant cognitive impairment related to PTSD because failure to gate information and inhibit impulses influences how individuals process, encode, and retrieve trauma memories (Aup-perle et al., 2012) [94].”
Pang, E. W. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00170 · Cited by 10
Hamouda, K., Senf, P., Gerhardt, C., Irorutola, F., Rose, M., & Hinkelmann, K. (2021) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000981 · Cited by 9
“PNESmay have difficulties in disengaging attention from traumarelated stimuli, which would be in line with current concepts of posttraumatic distress disorder (44).”
ResultShim, M., Hwang, H., & Lee, S. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.811766 · Cited by 9
Decision-Making and Abuse, What Relationship in Victims of Violence?
Lausi, G., Burrai, J., Baldi, M., Ferlazzo, F., Ferracuti, S., Giannini, A. M., & Barchielli, B. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20105879 · Cited by 11
“Deciding implies a simultaneous evaluation of present stimuli and possible choices [50], which subconsciously involves information reduction while reasoning [57–59], and is also affected by moods and emotions in the post-reasoning evaluations and therefore decision-making processes [60,61].”
BackgroundAndrews, K., Lloyd, C., Densmore, M., Kearney, B. E., Harricharan, S., McKinnon, M. C., Théberge, J., Jetly, R., & Lanius, R. A. (2023) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsad053 · Cited by 11
Tang, M., Chui, P. L., Chong, M. C., & Liu, X. (2024) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-024-02505-8 · Cited by 9
Working Memory and Response Inhibition in Patients With Bipolar I Disorder During Euthymic Period
Farahmand, Z., Tehrani‐Doost, M., Amini, H., Mohammadi, A., Mirzaei, M., & Mohammadzadeh, A. (2015) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.17795/ijpbs209 · Cited by 9
“Executive functions are hypothesized in explanation of many disorders such as schizophrenia (6), obsessive-compulsive disorder (7), autistic disorder (8), eating disorders (9), panic disorder (10), and posttraumatic stress disorder (11).”
BackgroundTrauma, Attentional Biases, and Revictimization Among Young Adults
Reichert, E. L., Segal, C., & Flannery-Schroeder, E. C. (2015) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2014.975308 · Cited by 9
Marshall, K., Abate, A. C., & Venata, A. (2018) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-018-0234-8 · Cited by 9
Macatee, R. J., Burkhouse, K. L., Afshar, K., Schroth, C., Aase, D. M., Greenstein, J. E., Proescher, E., & Phan, K. L. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13423 · Cited by 9
Maja, R. A., Kilshaw, R. E., García-Barrera, M. A., & Karr, J. E. (2021) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120979690 · Cited by 10
“However, the causal relationship between PTS symptoms and executive function difficulties remains ambiguous in cross-sectional research designs (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundKim, J., Li, L., Korous, K. M., Valiente, C., & Tsethlikai, M. (2022) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2021.2024164 · Cited by 9
“Researchers have suggested that EF deficits contribute to the development of PTSD symptoms due to resulting difficulties with regulating attention and inhibiting responses to emotional or trauma-related stimuli leading to the development of potentially maladaptive coping mechanisms (Aupperle et al., 2012; Ben-Zion et…”
BackgroundResultAttentional bias in post-traumatic stress symptoms or anxiety
Gindt, M., Nachon, O., Chanquoy, L., Faure, S., & Garcia, R. (2017) · European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1016/j.ejtd.2017.05.002 · Cited by 9
Glienke, K., Willmund, G., Zimmermann, P. L., & Piefke, M. (2017) · Journal of Traumatic Stress Disorders & Treatment · doi:10.4172/2324-8947.1000176 · Cited by 9
“When measuring planning by the Tower of London Task, many studies report that planning behavior is mostly spared in PTSD [15,59].”
MethodLiu, S. R., Moore, T. M., Gur, R. C., Nievergelt, C. M., Baker, D. G., Risbrough, V. B., & Acheson, D. T. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1181055 · Cited by 10
“Others suggest that disrupted EF is a vulnerability factor for the development or worsening of PTSD symptom severity (Aupperle et al., 2012; Jacob et al., 2019; Scott et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodBridging the Gap: A Review of Pediatric to Adult Transition of Care in Liver Transplantation
Kosmach‐Park, B., Coyne, B., Gupta, N. A., & Mazariegos, G. V. (2024) · Pediatric Transplantation · doi:10.1111/petr.14900 · Cited by 8
“EF skills are widely recognized as integral to processing speed, planning, organization, working memory, sustained attention, inhibitory control, and cognitive flexibility [9–12].”
Fernández, M. R., Sória, I. N., Rosales-Gómez, M., & Delgado, B. (2025) · Children · doi:10.3390/children12040503 · Cited by 10
Askovic, M., Murdoch, S., Mayer-Pelinski, R., Watters, A. J., Elhindi, J., Aroche, J., Kropotov, J. D., & Harris, A. W. F. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1567809 · Cited by 8
“Cognitive control de fi cits are one of the core features of PTSD (7) and a signi fi cant factor in treatment resistance (8).”
Trauma‐Related Context Increases Sleep Disturbances in People with Acute Stress Disorder Symptoms
Grossman, E. S., Hoffman, Y. S. G., & Shrira, A. (2016) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2679 · Cited by 10
Albanese, B. J., Macatee, R. J., Boffa, J. W., Bryan, C. J., Zvolensky, M. J., & Schmidt, N. B. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9883-4 · Cited by 8
“Given that cognitive dyscontrol is theorized to be a mechanism linking TBI with PTSS (Aupperle et al. 2012), a cognitive-affective factor that can modulate cognitive dyscontrol would be apt to moderate the effects of TBI on PTSS.”
Segal, A., Pine, D. S., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2020) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720004304 · Cited by 9
Memory as a cognitive representation of post-traumatic growth
Huang, S.-H., & Gan, Y. (2017) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2017.1364730 · Cited by 8
“As such, previous research has shown that individuals who have experienced trauma have difficulty in learning and inhibitory functions (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundHamidi, F., & Tabar, S. S. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.32598/ijpcp.26.3.3190.2 · Cited by 8
Zhang, F., Huang, C., Yan, W., Ouyang, H., & Liu, W. (2024) · Therapeutic Advances in Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/20451253241243260 · Cited by 9
“33 In ACT, probes appeared equally often after threatening and neutral stimuli.”
BackgroundRandomized controlled trial of computerized working memory training for Veterans with PTSD
Bomyea, J. A., Caudle, M. M., Bartolovich, A. L., Simmons, A. N., Jak, A. J., & Golshan, S. (2024) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.11.072 · Cited by 7
“…symptoms can be conceptualized as a type of interference, whereby trauma-related thoughts and memories intrude into active working memory storage and interfere with goal-directed cognitive activity (Aupperle et al., 2012; Bomyea and Lang, 2015; Gillie and Thayer, 2014; Levy and Anderson, 2008).”
InfluentialAlbanese, B. J., Macatee, R. J., Schmidt, N. B., Leeson, B., Clemans, T. A., Mintz, J., Rudd, M. D., & Bryan, C. J. (2017) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-017-9863-8 · Cited by 7
“It is plausible that the moderating effects of ASCC on the relationship between the number of probable TBIs and PTS arises from the amplification (high ASCC) or suppression (low ASCC) of cognitive dyscontrol symptoms, which are believed to be a mechanism by which the number of probable TBIs influences PTS (Aupperle et…”
Cenkner, D. P., Asnaani, A., DiChiara, C., Harb, G. C., Lynch, K. G., Greene, J. L., & Scott, J. C. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.625669 · Cited by 7
“, 2002), and executive functioning (Aupperle et al., 2012), with the largest effects observed in immediate verbal memory (i.”
BackgroundCannabinoid use is enhanced by stress and changes conditioned stress responses
Hodebourg, R., Meyerink, M. E., Crow, A. D., Reichel, C. M., Kalivas, P. W., & García‐Keller, C. (2022) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-022-01287-4 · Cited by 8
“These studies suggest that stress and drug use share common neural substrates [12, 13].”
BackgroundCueing natural event boundaries improves memory in people with post-traumatic stress disorder
Pitts, B. L., Eisenberg, M. L., Bailey, H. R., & Zacks, J. M. (2023) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-023-00478-x · Cited by 7
“One possibility is deficits that occur either earlier in the event processing stream, such as attention to the stimuli (Aupperle et al., 2012), or later, such as consolidation and retrieval.”
BackgroundCan Interacting with Animals Improve Executive Functions? A Systematic Review
Tepper, D. L., Shnookal, J., Howell, T. J., & Bennett, P. C. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13132080 · Cited by 8
“Additionally, impairments in EFs have been associated with dementia [15], mood and anxiety disorders [16,17], and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) [18] as well as with neurodevelopmental conditions such as attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) [19] and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) [20].”
BackgroundLee, H., Oh, S., Ha, E., Joo, Y., Suh, C., Kim, Y., Jeong, H. S., Lyoo, I. K., Yoon, S. J., & Hong, H. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115345 · Cited by 7
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Evolution of Views
Kryukov, E. V., Shamrey, V. K., Марченко, А. А., Lobachev, A. V., Khabarov, I. Y., & Kolodin, S. N. (2023) · Psikhiatriya · doi:10.30629/2618-6667-2023-21-4-57-71 · Cited by 9
Edgelow, M., Brar, S., & Fecica, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Organizational Psychology · doi:10.3389/forgp.2023.1284650 · Cited by 7
Animal models of liability to post-traumatic stress disorder: going beyond fear memory
Cabib, S., Orsini, C., & Puglisi‐Allegra, S. (2019) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000475 · Cited by 7
Scotland-Coogan, D. (2019) · The Qualitative Report · doi:10.46743/2160-3715/2019.3573 · Cited by 10
“These are areas that are impaired for those with a diagnosis of PTSD (Aupperle et al., 2012).”
BackgroundNeurological Soft Signs and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A Biomarker of Severity?
Belrose, C., Duffaud, A. M., Rakotoarison, E., Faget, C., Raynaud, P., Dutheil, F., Boyer, L. E., Billaud, J., & Trousselard, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.533662 · Cited by 8
Frankel, K. K., Brabeck, K. M., & García, S. A. R. (2021) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2021.1949320 · Cited by 7
Zavros-Orr, A. (2021) · Psychology of Sexualities Review · doi:10.53841/bpssex.2021.12.1.34 · Cited by 7
Rapgay, L., Ross, J. L., Petersen, O., Izquierdo, C., Harms, M., Hawa, S., Riehl, S., Gurganus, A., & Couper, G. E. (2013) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-013-0231-9 · Cited by 11
Duan, H., Wang, L., & Wu, J. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-35123-x · Cited by 8
Trial-to-trial carryover effects on spatial attentional bias
Gladwin, T. E., & Figner, B. (2019) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.04.006 · Cited by 7
Min, D., Kwon, A., Kim, Y., Jin, M. J., Kim, Y.-W., Jeon, H., Kim, S., Jeon, H. J., & Lee, S. (2020) · Brain Topography · doi:10.1007/s10548-020-00754-9 · Cited by 9
Protopopescu, A., O’Connor, C., Cameron, D. H., Boyd, J. E., Lanius, R. A., & McKinnon, M. C. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12030377 · Cited by 11
White, E. J., Demuth, M. J., Nacke, M., Kirlić, N., Kuplicki, R., Spechler, P. A., McDermott, T. J., DeVille, D. C., Stewart, J. L., Lowe, J. R., et al. (2022) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsac045 · Cited by 8
“Higher levels of inhibitory control are associated with lower levels of multiple forms of psychopathology across behavioral and functional brain studies (Aupperle et al., 2012; McTeague et al., 2016; White and Grant, 2017).”
BackgroundSelf-citationTrastorno por estrés postraumático y cerebro
Gómez, R. S. (2013) · Revista de la Asociación Española de Neuropsiquiatría · doi:10.4321/s0211-57352013000300004 · Cited by 9
Patel, G. J., & McDowall, J. (2016) · Journal of EMDR Practice and Research · doi:10.1891/1933-3196.10.1.13 · Cited by 7
“The search for a mechanism of action for eye movements has led to the development of several varying accounts, such as the orienting response and O ne of the most successful treatments for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) with support from controlled studies…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialBunyaratavej, N., Kittimanon, N., & Boonthitikul, S. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 7
Wu, M., Lin, L., Wu, Y., Zheng, Y., & Chen, H. (2022) · Translational Pediatrics · doi:10.21037/tp-22-289 · Cited by 6
“Patients with PTSD patients have shown significant differences in behavioral levels, including attention, executive ability, and memory (4).”
BackgroundMiller, L. N., Forbes, D., McFarlane, A., Lawrence-Wood, E., Simmons, J., & Felmingham, K. L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-48505-7 · Cited by 5
“This suggests high interpersonal trauma led to less resources for monitoring competing task-relevant stimuli, potentially due to difficulty allocating resources away from arousal symptoms towards processing the task at hand 4 .”
BackgroundShahrajabian, F., Hasani, J., Hodgins, D. C., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-024-10354-y · Cited by 8
“Disruptions in the networks mediating emotional regulation are related to deficits in cognitive control and work - ing memory (Aupperle et al., 2012 ).”
Mental health of adolescents during times of war
Lipskaya‐Velikovsky, L., Komemi, R., Gilboa, Y., & Nahum, M. (2026) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2026.116957 · Cited by 6
Stolz, M. G., Rea, K. E., Cushman, G. K., Quast, L. F., Gutierrez‐Colina, A. M., Eaton, C. K., & Blount, R. L. (2021) · Pediatric Transplantation · doi:10.1111/petr.14176 · Cited by 8
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Working Memory: a Systematic Review
Nórte, C. E., Vargas, A. L. V., & Silveira, A. D. C. (2022) · Trends in Psychology · doi:10.1007/s43076-022-00206-2 · Cited by 7
“The findings of the pre-sent study are in accordance with the model proposed by Aupperle et al. (2012), which emphasizes the role of cognitive control in the development and maintenance of symptoms of hyperexcitability and revival through the difficulty of detaching and inhibiting responses to…”
Amir, I., Aizik-Reebs, A., Yuval, K., Hadash, Y., & Bernstein, A. (2023) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026231164958 · Cited by 6
“The current findings support extant theory and findings implicating executive dysfunctions, and specifically deficits in CI (DeGutis et al., 2015; van der Bij et al., 2020), in posttraumatic stress (Aupperle et al., 2012) and extend these findings to trauma-affected FDP.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialDomain-specific associations between psychopathology and neurocognitive functioning
Zoupou, E., Moore, T. M., Calkins, M. E., Gur, R. E., Gur, R. C., & Scott, J. C. (2024) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291724001302 · Cited by 8
“Neurocognitive dysfunction is common in psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia (Reichenberg, 2010; Saykin et al., 1991), posttraumatic stress (Aupperle, Melrose, Stein, & Paulus, 2012; Scott et al., 2015), and mood disorders (Bredemeier, Warren, Berenbaum, Miller, & Heller, 2016; Merikangas…”
Sahragard, M., Alipour, A., Zare, H., Roshan, R., & Moodi, M. (2018) · مجله طب جانباز · doi:10.29252/ijwph.10.4.187 · Cited by 6
Sopp, M. R., Streb, M., Brueckner, A. H., Schäfer, S. K., Lass‐Hennemann, J., Mecklinger, A., & Michael, T. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101611 · Cited by 6
Metadata
- Authors
- Aupperle, R. L., Melrose, A. J., Stein, M. B., & Paulus, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Aupperle, Robin L.
- Venue
- Neuropharmacology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 686-694
- ISSN
- 0028-3908 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4719148
- OpenAlex
- W2106557234
- Cited by
- 657
- References
- 147
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 47 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 49 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 58 · 2017: 46 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 27 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 3.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Neuropharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA016663)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- post-traumatic stress disorder, executive function, response inhibition, attentional control, prefrontal cortex, avoidance coping, risk factors, symptom severity, trauma exposure, neuropsychological assessment, PTSD treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Psychological, Attention, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Memory, Short-Term, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
