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Electrophysiological correlates of perceptual prediction error are attenuated in dyslexia
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
A perceptual adaptation deficit often accompanies reading difficulty in dyslexia, manifesting in poor perceptual learning of consistent stimuli and reduced neurophysiological adaptation to stimulus repetition. However, it is not known how adaptation deficits relate to differences in feedforward or feedback processes in the brain. Here we used electroencephalography (EEG) to interrogate the feedforward and feedback contributions to neural adaptation as adults with and without dyslexia viewed pairs of faces and words in a paradigm that manipulated whether there was a high probability of stimulus repetition versus a high probability of stimulus change. We measured three neural dependent variables: expectation (the difference between prestimulus EEG power with and without the expectation of stimulus repetition), feedforward repetition (the difference between event-related potentials (ERPs) evoked by an expected change and an unexpected repetition), and feedback-mediated prediction error (the difference between ERPs evoked by an unexpected change and an expected repetition). Expectation significantly modulated prestimulus theta- and alpha-band EEG in both groups. Unexpected repetitions of words, but not faces, also led to significant feedforward repetition effects in the ERPs of both groups. However, neural prediction error when an unexpected change occurred instead of an expected repetition was significantly weaker in dyslexia than the control group for both faces and words. These results suggest that the neural and perceptual adaptation deficits observed in dyslexia reflect the failure to effectively integrate perceptual predictions with feedforward sensory processing. In addition to reducing perceptual efficiency, the attenuation of neural prediction error signals would also be deleterious to the wide range of perceptual and procedural learning abilities that are critical for developing accurate and fluent reading skills.
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“Similar results have been found in previous literature in children with dyslexia (Beach et al., 2022; Zhao et al., 2019)”
From Predictive coding in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic transdiagnostic review. (2025) · cites this paper as Beach et al., 2022
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Adaptation in auditory processing
Willmore, B. D. B., & King, A. J. (2022) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00011.2022 · Cited by 82
Toward a Model of Statistical Learning and Reading: Evidence From a Meta-Analysis
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Impaired and Spared Auditory Category Learning in Developmental Dyslexia
Gabay, Y., Roark, C. L., & Holt, L. L. (2023) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/09567976231151581 · Cited by 38
The Role of Visual Factors in Dyslexia
Kristjansson, A. K., & Sigurdardottir, H. M. (2023) · Journal of Cognition · doi:10.5334/joc.287 · Cited by 37
Predictive coding in neuropsychiatric disorders: a systematic transdiagnostic review.
Qela, B., Damiani, S., De Santis, S., Groppi, F., Pichiecchio, A., Asteggiano, C., Brondino, N., Monteleone, A. M., Grassi, L., Politi, P., et al. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106020 · Cited by 26
Metadata
- Authors
- Beach, S. D., Lim, S.-J., Cardenas-Iniguez, C., Eddy, M. D., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Perrachione, T. K.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Boston University (US)
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research (US)
- Corresponding author
- Perrachione, Tyler K.
- Venue
- Neuropsychologia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-01
- Volume
- 165
- Pages
- 108091
- ISSN
- 0028-3932 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8807066
- OpenAlex
- W3215575245
- Cited by
- 19
- References
- 149
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5
- FWCI
- 4.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Neuropsychologia (publishedVersion)
- bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (T32DC013017, T32DC000038)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR025758)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R03HD096098, F31HD100101)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- dyslexia, perceptual adaptation, feedforward processing, feedback processing, expectations, event-related potentials, prestimulus EEG, theta band, alpha band, reading difficulties, perceptual learning, face perception, word perception
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Brain, Dyslexia, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Humans
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