Shaping Functional Architecture by Oscillatory Alpha Activity: Gating by Inhibition
Open accessAbstract
In order to understand the working brain as a network, it is essential to identify the mechanisms by which information is gated between regions. We here propose that information is gated by inhibiting task-irrelevant regions, thus routing information to task-relevant regions. The functional inhibition is reflected in oscillatory activity in the alpha band (8-13 Hz). From a physiological perspective the alpha activity provides pulsed inhibition reducing the processing capabilities of a given area. Active processing in the engaged areas is reflected by neuronal synchronization in the gamma band (30-100 Hz) accompanied by an alpha band decrease. According to this framework the brain could be studied as a network by investigating cross-frequency interactions between gamma and alpha activity. Specifically the framework predicts that optimal task performance will correlate with alpha activity in task-irrelevant areas. In this review we will discuss the empirical support for this framework. Given that alpha activity is by far the strongest signal recorded by EEG and MEG, we propose that a major part of the electrophysiological activity detected from the working brain reflects gating by inhibition.
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Traditional interpretations treated alpha as an idling rhythm, but contemporary EEG research strongly supports the view that alpha oscillations regulate functional inhibition, sensory gating, attentional selection, and access to stored information.
“Traditional interpretations treated alpha as an idling rhythm, but contemporary EEG research strongly supports the view that alpha oscillations regulate functional inhibition, sensory gating, attentional selection, and access to stored information [224,225,226].”
From Electrophysiological Correlates of Cognitive Dysfunction in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): A Systematic and Mechanistic Review of EEG, ERP, and QEEG Evidence (2026) · cites this paper as [224]
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAccording to the "gating by inhibition" model, alpha synchronisation helps suppress task-irrelevant regions or representations, thereby shaping the functional architecture of the working brain.
“According to the “gating by inhibition” model, alpha synchronisation helps suppress task-irrelevant regions or representations, thereby shaping the functional architecture of the working brain [224].”
Alpha synchrony may act as a sensory gating mechanism to inhibit irrelevant stimuli and is typically found in deeper midline structures, including the thalamus, supporting its role in vertical integration.
“Alpha synchrony may act as a sensory gating mechanism to inhibit irrelevant stimuli ( Herrmann and Knight, 2001 ; Jensen and Mazaheri, 2010 ; Jones and Sliva, 2020 ; Saj et al., 2021 ) and is typically found in deeper midline structures, including the thalamus ( Lopes da Silva, 1991 ) supporting its role in vertical integration.”
From The brain-body disconnect: A somatic sensory basis for trauma-related disorders (2022) · cites this paper as Jensen and Mazaheri, 2010
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Self-citationLeft temporal alpha band activity increases during working memory retention of pitches
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Self-citationCovert attention allows for continuous control of brain–computer interfaces
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“More recently, modulation of the alpha rhythm has been shown to play a part in selective attention processes by regulating thalamocortical sensory transmission [68] and thus participating in functional inhibition [69, 70].”
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“The alpha enhancement attributable to more severe acoustic degradation was found to be additive to the alpha enhancement attributable to more stored items: acoustic degradation (a perceptual challenge) and memory load (a capacity challenge) both draw on a neural system subserving “functional inhibition” (Klimesch et a…”
BackgroundInfluentialNeural signatures of perceptual inference
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“, 2007; Samaha and Postle, 2015), selective attention (Foxe and Snyder, 2011; Jensen and Mazaheri, 2010), working memory (Jensen, 2002; Sauseng et al.”
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Chmiel, J., & Kładna, A. (2026) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm15155994
- Authors
- Jensen, O., & Mazaheri, A.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Jensen, Ole
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 4
- Pages
- 186-186
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2990626
- OpenAlex
- W1996538430
- Cited by
- 3,237
- References
- 111
- Citations by year
- 2026: 329 · 2025: 318 · 2024: 300 · 2023: 256 · 2022: 246 · 2021: 278 · 2020: 259 · 2019: 245 · 2018: 204 · 2017: 204 · 2016: 130 · 2015: 136 · 2014: 134 · 2013: 86 · 2012: 61
- FWCI
- 36.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- alpha oscillations, functional inhibition, gamma oscillations, cross-frequency coupling, neuronal synchronization, brain networks, working memory, EEG, MEG
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