PINE-TREE enables highly efficient genetic modification of human cell lines.
Open accessAbstract
Prime editing technologies enable precise genome editing without the caveats of CRISPR nuclease-based methods. Nonetheless, current approaches to identify and isolate prime-edited cell populations are inefficient. Here, we established a fluorescence-based system, prime-induced nucleotide engineering using a transient reporter for editing enrichment (PINE-TREE), for real-time enrichment of prime-edited cell populations. We demonstrated the broad utility of PINE-TREE for highly efficient introduction of substitutions, insertions, and deletions at various genomic loci. Finally, we employ PINE-TREE to rapidly and efficiently generate clonal isogenic human pluripotent stem cell lines, a cell type recalcitrant to genome editing.
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Off-target analysis was conducted for PS1E280A and APOE3ch, identifying the top 3 off-target sites.
“Off-target analysis for PS1E280A and APOE3ch was conducted using protocols outlined in previous publications (Frisch et al., 2023), identifying the top 3 off-target sites.”
From Isogenic human stem cell models reveal mutation-dependent protective mechanisms of APOE3 Christchurch (2026) · cites this paper as Frisch et al., 2023
Karyotype analysis was conducted for each clonal line.
“Karyotype analysis was conducted for each clonal line by Cell Line Genetics, utilizing standard procedures for G-banding as we have previously described (Frisch et al., 2023).”
From Isogenic human stem cell models reveal mutation-dependent protective mechanisms of APOE3 Christchurch (2026) · cites this paper as Frisch et al., 2023
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Cites
CCTop: An intuitive, flexible and reliable CRISPR/Cas9 target prediction tool
Stemmer, M., Thumberger, T., del Sol Keyer, M., Wittbrodt, J., & Mateo, J. L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0124633 · Cited by 1,088 · see citing works
Efficient introduction of specific homozygous and heterozygous mutations using CRISPR/Cas9
Paquet, D., Kwart, D., Chen, A., Sproul, A., Jacob, S., Teo, S., Olsen, K. M., Gregg, A., Noggle, S., & Tessier-Lavigne, M. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17664 · Cited by 951 · see citing works
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Meet Genome Editing
Hockemeyer, D., & Jaenisch, R. (2016) · Cell Stem Cell · doi:10.1016/j.stem.2016.04.013 · Cited by 499 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, we demonstrated that PINE-TREE could be used for highly efficient generation of clonal isogenic hPSCs, a cell type in which genomic modification, including use of primer editors, has been difficult to achieve.(6,33) In fact, to achieve editing efficiencies approaching those of PINE-TREE in hPSCs, other r…”
MethodDesigning and executing prime editing experiments in mammalian cells
Doman, J. L., Sousa, A. A., Randolph, P. B., Chen, P. J., & Liu, D. R. (2022) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-022-00724-4 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
APOE2 mitigates disease-related phenotypes in an isogenic hiPSC-based model of Alzheimer’s disease
Brookhouser, N., Raman, S., Frisch, C., Srinivasan, G., & Brafman, D. A. (2021) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-021-01076-3 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Frisch, C., Baker, L., Srinivasan, G., Mintah, A. E., Leyasi, S., Pedroza, M., Galyon, B., & Brafman, D. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2026.1856154
Self-citation
- Authors
- Frisch, C., Kostes, W. W., Galyon, B., Whitman, B., Tekel, S. J., Standage-Beier, K., Srinivasan, G., Wang, X., & Brafman, D. A.
- Affiliations
- Arizona State University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Brafman, David A.
- Venue
- Molecular Therapy - Nucleic Acids
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 33
- Pages
- 483-492
- ISSN
- 2162-2531 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10425837
- OpenAlex
- W4384564858
- Cited by
- 9
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecular Therapy — Nucleic Acids (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (R21AG056706, R21AG075612, R21AG079279)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM106081, R01GM121698)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB031893)
- Alzheimer's Association
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Keywords
- prime editing, pine, genome editing efficiency, indels, human cell lines
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