Base editing: precision chemistry on the genome and transcriptome of living cells
Open accessAbstract
RNA-guided programmable nucleases from CRISPR systems generate precise breaks in DNA or RNA at specified positions. In cells, this activity can lead to changes in DNA sequence or RNA transcript abundance. Base editing is a newer genome-editing approach that uses components from CRISPR systems together with other enzymes to directly install point mutations into cellular DNA or RNA without making double-stranded DNA breaks. DNA base editors comprise a catalytically disabled nuclease fused to a nucleobase deaminase enzyme and, in some cases, a DNA glycosylase inhibitor. RNA base editors achieve analogous changes using components that target RNA. Base editors directly convert one base or base pair into another, enabling the efficient installation of point mutations in non-dividing cells without generating excess undesired editing by-products. In this Review, we summarize base-editing strategies to generate specific and precise point mutations in genomic DNA and RNA, highlight recent developments that expand the scope, specificity, precision and in vivo delivery of base editors and discuss limitations and future directions of base editing for research and therapeutic applications.
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Base editors act only within a small window of the single-stranded R-loop that is generated upon Cas9 target recognition.
“base editors act only within a small window of the single-stranded R-loop that is generated upon Cas9 target recognition30.”
From One-step generation of tumor models by base editor multiplexing in adult stem cell-derived organoids (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
The Introduction says Cas targeting creates a single-stranded R-loop whose bases can be modified by the editor. “Editing window and bystander edits” describes an approximately five-nucleotide window of efficient BE3 editing, but explicitly says bases outside that window can still be edited at lower efficiency. Thus, “only” overstates the restriction. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBase editing does not induce a high level of double-stranded DNA breaks.
“A new-generation of genome editing tool, Base Editing (BE) system, enables precise base changes (reviewed in 4, 5), does not induce a high-level of DSBs, and finally does not require HDR donors for gene repair 4, 5.”
From Adenine base editing in an adult mouse model of tyrosinaemia (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Base editing does not require homology-directed repair donors for gene repair.
“A new-generation of genome editing tool, Base Editing (BE) system, enables precise base changes (reviewed in 4, 5), does not induce a high-level of DSBs, and finally does not require HDR donors for gene repair 4, 5.”
From Adenine base editing in an adult mouse model of tyrosinaemia (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Unlike gene augmentation, editing tools are not limited by gene size, making them applicable to any gene, regardless of their inheritance pattern.
“Unlike gene augmentation, editing tools are not limited by gene size, making them applicable to any gene, regardless of their inheritance pattern. 53 , 54”
From Innovative therapies for inherited retinal dystrophies: navigating DNA, RNA, and protein approaches (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
ABEs are more commonly used because the G>A variant is the most prevalent in human diseases.
“ABEs are more commonly used because the G > A variant is the most prevalent in human diseases. 54”
From Innovative therapies for inherited retinal dystrophies: navigating DNA, RNA, and protein approaches (2025) · cites this paper as [54]
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“7), which recognizes a broader range of protospacer adjacent motifs (PAMs) [10].”
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- Authors
- Rees, H. A., & Liu, D. R.
- Affiliations
- Broad Institute (US)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, David R.
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Genetics
- Published
- 2018-10-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 770-788
- ISSN
- 1471-0056 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0064
- PMC
- PMC6535181
- OpenAlex
- W2897295193
- Cited by
- 1,675
- References
- 168
- Citations by year
- 2026: 168 · 2025: 212 · 2024: 220 · 2023: 210 · 2022: 253 · 2021: 241 · 2020: 252 · 2019: 112 · 2018: 6
- FWCI
- 15.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2018-10-19)
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Human Genome Research Institute (RM1HG009490)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM065865, R01GM065400, R35GM118062)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB022376)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Interference and Gene Delivery
- Keywords
- base editing, CRISPR, point mutations, in vivo delivery, genome editing, off-target editing, non-dividing cells, gene therapy
- MeSH terms
- Gene Editing, Animals, Endonucleases, Humans, DNA Breaks, Double-Stranded, Transcriptome, CRISPR-Cas Systems
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