Perfectionism and workaholism in employees: The role of work motivation
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Perfectionism is linked to elevated perceived stress, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, and excessive behaviors conceptualized as addictive.
“numerous studies have linked it to elevated perceived stress [49–51], obsessive-compulsive behaviors [52], and excessive behaviors frequently conceptualized as addictive behaviors, such as workaholism [53] or physical exercise dependence [54].”
From Prevalence and correlates of problematic smartphone use in a large random sample of Chinese undergraduates (2016) · cites this paper as [53]
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“For instance, Stoeber et al. (2013) confirmed that identified and introjected work motivations mediated the effect of perfectionism on work addiction.”
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“In so doing, we followed a growing tradition examiningwork styles like perfectionism, workaholism (Stoeber et al., 2013), and maverickism (Gardiner & Jackson, 2012).”
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“Moreover, it has been asserted that positive perfectionist employees have a high-level of self-esteem and self-efficacy, positive affects, more positive family dynamics and increased life satisfaction, psychological well-being and work engagement (Ram, 2005; Stoeber, and Rambow, 2007; Mitchelson, 2009; Stoeber et al.,…”
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“…positively predict workaholism as well, one controlled (introjected regulation; being motivated by internal rewards and punishment) and one autonomous (identified regulation; being motivated by the personal importance of work; Stoeber et al., 2013; van Beek, Hu, Schaufeli, Taris, & Schreurs, 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialKun, B., Urbán, R., Bőthe, B., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Kökönyei, G. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17197332 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“In most of these studies, homogenous and/or small samples were used [32,34], and in some cases, not all components of the perfectionism scale were administered [33,35].”
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“They also tend to set high standards since they are likely to exhibit perfectionism [6,26,52].”
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WHY IS PERFECTIONISM A RISK FACTOR FOR WORKAHOLISM? THE MEDIATING ROLE OF IRRATIONAL BELIEFS AT WORK
Falco, A., Corso, L. D., Girardi, D., CARLO, A. D., Barbieri, B., Boatto, T., Schaufeli, W. B., Schaufeli, L., & Psychology, W. A. O. P. O. H. (2017) · UNICA IRIS Institutional Research Information System (University of Cagliari) · doi:10.4473/tpm24.4.8 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…and did not consider possible differences between perfectionistic strivings and concerns (with some exceptions; see for example Falco et al., 2014; Stoeber et al., 2013; Ta-ris, Van Beek, & Schaufeli, 2010), which are typically associated with adaptive or maladaptive characteristics and outcomes,…”
InfluentialProblematic overstudying: Studyholism or study addiction?
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“PS is also linked to positive psychological outcomes [8, 16], having better self-esteem, self-efficacy, life satisfaction and psychological well-being [17, 18].”
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“[22] carried out the only study that has analyzed the relationship between perfectionism and the full SDT’s motivational continuum.”
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“…SDT holds that intrinsic motivation, identified regulation, and integrated regulation are basic types of motivation that represent autonomous motivation, whereas introjected and external regulation represents controlled motivation (Deci & Ryan, 2000; Malinowska et al., 2018; Stoeber et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMazzetti, G., Guglielmi, D., & Schaufeli, W. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17228550 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“This facet of perfectionism, also defined as personal standards perfectionism, fuels a self-oriented striving for perfection and the setting of almost unreachable personal criteria for one’s performance [38].”
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“Indeed, firefighters showing high levels of workaholism are likely to aim at high or unrealistic standards of performance (Stoeber et al., 2013), and to cope with these demands, set themselves additional tasks without giving themselves time to recover (Hakanen & Peeters, 2015).”
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Does Workload Moderate the Association Between Perfectionism and Workaholism?
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“Workmotivation wasmeasured by “Work Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivation Scale,” WEIMS (Tremblay et al., 2009), applied in several previous studies (Peklar and Boštjančič, 2012; Stoeber et al., 2013; Jayaweera, 2015; Saltson and Nsiah, 2015).”
MethodKlein, R. G., Dooley, D., Lapierre, K. R., Pitura, V. A., & Adduono, D. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.109610 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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“WEIMS has been used in several previous studies (Peklar and Bostjancic, 2012; Stoeber et al., 2013; Jayaweera, 2015, Saltson and Nsiah, 2015).”
MethodWork addiction and social functioning: A systematic review and five meta-analyses
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“In addition, Stoeber et al. (2013) discovered that adaptive perfectionism was positively associated with introjected motivation.”
BackgroundResultLombardo, C., Novara, C., Mallia, L., Pastore, M., & Vacca, M. (2021) · Journal of Personality Assessment · doi:10.1080/00223891.2021.1905651 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with previous research showing that the three dimensions of perfectionism are linked to OC personality and negative traits (Samuel et al., 2012; Stoeber et al., 2013).”
ResultÇimşir, E., & Tümlü, G. Ü. (2021) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2021.1922342 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“For example, in a study conducted with 131 employees, Stoeber et al. (2013) found that self-oriented perfectionism, but not socially prescribed perfectionism, is significantly associated with increased workaholism.”
BackgroundResultWhat shapes the “value-action” gap? The role of time perception reconsidered
Franco, C., & Ghisetti, C. (2022) · Economia Politica · doi:10.1007/s40888-022-00282-8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
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“SOP has been related to workaholism (Stoeber et al., 2013) which is why it would be interesting to investigate whether autonomy will also uniquely predict this indicator of high activation.”
Perfectionism and Eating Behavior in the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Does competitive climate at work lead to problems at home? Examination of mediating pathways
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The neuropsychological profile of work addiction
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BackgroundThe Multidimensional Workaholism Scale in a Korean Population: A Cross-Cultural Validation Study
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“For instance, at the individual level, negative affect (Aziz et al., 2020) and perfectionism (Stoeber et al., 2013) are highly related to workaholism.”
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“However, it is also associated with more controlled forms of motivation, such as introjected motivation (Longbottom et al., 2012; Stoeber et al., 2013; Hill et al., 2018), and has been associated with external rewards, competition or recognition (Mills and Blankstein, 2000).”
BackgroundMotivational background of work addiction: the role of perceived demanding organizational conditions
Morkevičiūtė, M., & Endriulaitienė, A. (2023) · Baltic Journal of Management · doi:10.1108/bjm-02-2022-0051 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Ker, W., & Kao, D. T. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Behaviour · doi:10.1002/cb.1976 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Xu, X., Moughan, C. J., Peng, Y.-S., Ma, J., & Zhang, W. (2023) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12498 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Disentangling the effects of entrepreneurs’ passion and perfectionism on their eudaimonic well-being
Luu, N., & Nguyen, H. Q. (2024) · International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research · doi:10.1108/ijebr-07-2023-0752 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
GENDER DIFFERENCES REGARDING WORKAHOLISM AND WORK-RELATED VARIABLES
Dudek, I. A., & Szpitalak, M. (2019) · Studia Humanistyczne/Studia Humanistyczne AGH · doi:10.7494/human.2019.18.4.59 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wang, X., Howard, J. L., & Zhong, L. (2024) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12563 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hu, T.-C., Lin, H.-H., Zhuang, W.-L., & Wu, S. (2025) · Education + Training · doi:10.1108/et-12-2023-0510 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
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Mechanisms of knowledge workers’ adaptive perfectionism on taking charge
Wei, C.-Y., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Chinese Management Studies · doi:10.1108/cms-12-2021-0508 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The Relationship between School Climate and the Workaholism Tendencies of Teachers
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“2012) or between workaholism and work related motivation (Nijhuis et al. 2012; Stoeber et al. 2013).”
BackgroundPerfeccionismo infantil: Normalización de una escala argentina para su evaluación
Oros, L. B., & Vargas-Rubilar, J. (2016) · Acción Psicológica · doi:10.5944/ap.13.2.17822 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Big Three Perfectionism Scale–Short Form: An item response theory analysis of Italian workers
Svicher, A., Gori, A., & Fabio, A. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.971226 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Furthermore, selforiented perfectionism (Stoeber et al., 2013) and perfectionistic strivings (Stoeber and Damian, 2016; Spagnoli et al.”
BackgroundDéterminants et conséquences du workaholisme chez des salariés français
Sandrin, É., & Gillet, N. (2016) · Psychologie Française · doi:10.1016/j.psfr.2016.06.001 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The level of workaholism and its relation to the positive and negative perfectionism
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Understanding Work Addiction in Adult Children: The Effect of Addicted Parents and Work Motivation
Morkevičiūtė, M., & Endriulaitienė, A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811279 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Also, those who are prone to work addiction have been shown to be highly motivated, and motivation has been shown to predict work addiction [37].”
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“These findings were also confirmed in investigations on job perfectionism and workaholism, which revealed that employees with manifestations of motivation throughout the motivational continuum had higher levels of these features [79,80].”
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Wu, C., Zheng, Y., & Yang, W.-N. (2026) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-020924-064336 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
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“This fi nding is inconsistent with previous studies conducted in employees and students (e.g., Stoeber et al., 2009, 2013).”
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Kun, B., Paksi, B., Eisinger, A., Kökönyei, G., & Demetrovics, Z. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2024.00007 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“It is also because of their high perfectionism (Clark et al., 2010; Stoeber et al., 2013) and conscientiousness (Andreassen, Hetland, & Pallesen, 2010) that they have to take every opportunity to get on with their work.”
BackgroundWorkaholism among young people in the ride-hailing travel economy
Adongo, C. A., Dayour, F., Bukari, S., Addison-Akotoye, E., & Amissah, E. F. (2023) · Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights · doi:10.1016/j.annale.2023.100117 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cultural difference in maladaptive functions of perfectionistic self‐presentation
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Taking Others as a Mirror: Contingent Social Comparison Promotes Task Engagement
Wang, L., Zhang, X., Lu, L., & Meng, L. (2018) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2018.00476 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“While task engagement has been closely associated with intrinsic motivation (Rich, 2006; Haivas et al., 2013; Stoeber et al., 2013; Reeve and Lee, 2014), existing electrophysiological studies focused on the latter construct, while the neural correlates underlying task engagement were less examined.”
BackgroundMaladaptive Perfectionism: A Potential Risk Factor for Smartphone Addiction?
Long, J. (2015) · International Archives of Addiction Research and Medicine · doi:10.23937/2474-3631/1510013 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Smartphone addiction, Perfectionism, Risk factor, Personality trait However, in its maladaptive form, perfectionism may play an important role in various mental disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) [11], eating disorders [12], workaholism [13], and exercise dependence [14].”
BackgroundLong-term chronicity of work addiction: the role of personality and work motivations
Kun, B., & Kökönyei, G. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02907-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In addition, several studies have reported that among the controlled regulations, introjected regulation exhibits the strongest association with work addiction [44, 51, 52].”
Roles and Autonomous Motivation of Safety Officers: The Context of Construction Sites
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“Conversely, amotivation negatively affects levels of engagement [27,37].”
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Hotel Managers' Motivational Strategies for Enhancing Employee Performance
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Implementation motivation, work discipline in work productivity of employees in the hospital
Pemayun, C. I. B., & Martini, I. A. O. (2021) · International Research Journal of Management IT and Social Sciences · doi:10.21744/irjmis.v8n6.1961 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“The phenomenon of patients in hospitals experiencing complaints about the quality of service that has not been maximized is still considered necessary to get attention for researchers to improve the quality of service for each of these patients (Stoeber et al., 2013; Lam & Gurland, 2008).”
BackgroundThe role of circadian typology in the relationship between perfectionism and workaholism
Molinaro, D., Fabbri, M., Salluzzo, K. M., & Spagnoli, P. (2022) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2022.2079518 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“It has been repeatedly found that perfectionism is a specific personality antecedent related to workaholism (Falco et al. 2014; Mazzetti et al. 2014; Stoeber et al. 2013).”
BackgroundZEYNEL, Y. D. D. E., & Çarıkçı, İ. H. (2017) · Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.18037/ausbd.417286 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Perfectionism and work performance: A meta‐analysis
Bellam, A., & Curran, T. (2025) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.70050 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Stoeber, J., Davis, C. R., & Townley, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Kent (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Stoeber, Joachim
- ORCID
- Stoeber, Joachim
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 733-738
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025697889
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 10.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Workaholism, burnout, and well-being
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Workplace Health and Well-being
- Keywords
- perfectionism, workaholism, employee motivation, self-oriented perfectionism, socially prescribed perfectionism, autonomous motivation, identified regulation, introjected regulation, intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, mediation
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