Disorganized attachment mediates the link from early trauma to externalizing behavior in adult relationships
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Trauma in early childhood is often associated with a disorganized quality of attachment, which in turn is associated with negative outcomes such as personality disorders and violence.
“Trauma in early childhood has been showed to be often associated with a disorganized quality of attachment, which in turn is associated with a wide range of negative outcomes as such as personality disorders and violence (Rholes et al., 2016).”
From Exploring Relationships: A Systematic Review on Intimate Partner Violence and Attachment (2018) · cites this paper as Rholes et al., 2016
Cites
(2013) · Cited by 44,563 · see citing works
(1978) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 12,570 · see citing works
Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226 · Cited by 7,965 · see citing works
Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.61.2.226 · Cited by 7,729 · see citing works
Measuring Intrafamily Conflict and Violence: The Conflict Tactics (CT) Scales
Straus, M. A. (1979) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/351733 · Cited by 6,187 · see citing works
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.3.452 · Cited by 4,693 · see citing works
Attachment in adulthood: structure, dynamics, and change
(2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2903 · Cited by 4,301 · see citing works
(1998) · Cited by 3,968 · see citing works
Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications
(2009) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.46-4135 · Cited by 3,818 · see citing works
Attachment theory and close relationships
(1998) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.35-6513 · Cited by 3,642 · see citing works
Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect
(1994) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132 · Cited by 3,577 · see citing works
Attachment in the preschool years: Theory, research, and intervention.
Greenberg, M. T., Cicchetti, D., & Cummings, E. M. (1990) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · Cited by 2,161 · see citing works
Main, M., & Solomon, J. (2026) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003569978-2 · Cited by 1,978 · see citing works
Disorganized attachment in early childhood: Meta-analysis of precursors, concomitants, and sequelae
VAN IJZENDOORN, M. H., SCHUENGEL, C., & BAKERMANS–KRANENBURG, M. J. (1999) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579499002035 · Cited by 1,625 · see citing works
Fearon, R. P., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Van IJzendoorn, M. H., Lapsley, A.-M., & Roisman, G. I. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01405.x · Cited by 1,326 · see citing works
Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Nelligan, J. S. (1992) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.62.3.434 · Cited by 1,315 · see citing works
Main, M., & Cassidy, J. (1988) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.24.3.415 · Cited by 809 · see citing works
The Multidimensional Anger Inventory.
Siegel, J. M. (1986) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.51.1.191 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Lyons‐Ruth, K., & Jacobvitz, D. B. (2008) · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Attachment organization in maltreated preschoolers
Cicchetti, D., & Barnett, D. (1991) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400007598 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Paetzold, R. L., Rholes, W. S., & Kohn, J. L. (2015) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/gpr0000042 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Self-citationSimpson, J. A., & Rholes, W. S. (2002) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730210154207 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Obsuth, I., Hennighausen, K., Brumariu, L. E., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2014) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12113 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Bureau, J. F., Ann Easlerbrooks, M., & Lyons-Ruth, K. (2009) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616730902814788 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Lecompte, V., & Moss, E. (2014) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000017 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Padrón, E., Carlson, E. A., & Sroufe, L. A. (2014) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/h0099390 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 27 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Granqvist, P., Sroufe, L. A., Dozier, M., Hesse, E., Steele, M., van IJzendoorn, M. H., Solomon, J., Schuengel, C., Fearon, P. R. M., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., et al. (2017) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2017.1354040 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
Exploring Relationships: A Systematic Review on Intimate Partner Violence and Attachment
Velotti, P., Beomonte Zobel, S., Rogier, G., & Tambelli, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01166 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Spencer, C. M., Keilholtz, B. M., & Stith, S. M. (2020) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12545 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Velotti, P., Rogier, G., Zobel, S. B., Chirumbolo, A., & Zavattini, G. (2020) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838020933864 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Landers, A. L., McLuckie, A., Cann, R., Shapiro, V., Visintini, S. M., MacLaurin, B. J., Trocmé, N., Saini, M., & CARREY, N. J. (2017) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.012 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Cataudella, S., Rogier, G., Zobel, S. B., & Velotti, P. (2021) · Trauma Violence & Abuse · doi:10.1177/15248380211050595 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Aggression in Adolescents: The Role of Mother-Child Attachment and Self-Esteem
Muarifah, A., Mashar, R., Hashim, I. H. M., Rofiah, N. H., & Oktaviani, F. (2022) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs12050147 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Disorganized attachment and prolonged grief
Sekowski, M. M., & Prigerson, H. G. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23325 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Disorganized and unresolved states in adulthood
Jacobvitz, D. B., & Reisz, S. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2018.06.006 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Paetzold, R. L., & Rholes, W. S. (2021) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2020.1869654 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Health and Victimization: Does Risky Lifestyle Matter?
Azimi, A. M., & Daigle, L. E. (2017) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260517724255 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lantos, H., Wilkinson, A., Winslow, H., & McDaniel, T. W. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7655-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Sheinbaum, T., Racioppi, A., Kwapil, T. R., & Barrantes‐Vidal, N. (2020) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2020.03.023 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Procesos de la comprensión, memoria y aprendizaje de textos
de Juan, M. R. E. (2000) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Physiological Factors Linking Insecure Attachment to Psychopathology: A Systematic Review
Tironi, M., Mora, S. C., Cavanna, D., Borelli, J. L., & Bizzi, F. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111477 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Morales-Sanhueza, J., & Parra, G. M.-M. (2024) · Psychiatry International · doi:10.3390/psychiatryint5040065 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Further examinations of attitudes toward discrete emotions, with a focus on attitudes toward anger
Szymaniak, K., Harmon‐Jones, S. K., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2023) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-022-09998-3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Li, A., Wang, S., Paetzold, R. L., Rholes, W. S., & Liu, X. (2023) · Journal of Trauma & Dissociation · doi:10.1080/15299732.2023.2195395 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Two-Dimensional Model of Behavioral Systems and the “Problematic” Activation Style
Salzano, S., & Conson, M. (2020) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/0033294120973938 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Li, A., Wang, S., Paetzold, R. L., & Liu, X. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02041-7 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationMorales-Sanhueza, J., Parra, G. M.-M., & Gordillo, I. C. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12060605 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Whittington, D. D. (2023) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12866 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Houtepen, J. A. B. M., Sijtsema, J. J., van der Lem, R., Hooydonk, I. C. J. V., & Bogaerts, S. (2019) · International Journal of Law and Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ijlp.2019.02.008 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Attachment and the Transition to Parenthood
Rholes, W. S., & Paetzold, R. L. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-24864-2_17 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationHaydon, K. C., & Groh, A. M. (2024) · Attachment & Human Development · doi:10.1080/14616734.2024.2367329 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Validierung der deutschsprachigen Version der Adult Disorganized Attachment Scale (ADA-D)
Flemming, E., Lübke, L., Müller, S., Rümler, L. P. S., & Spitzer, C. (2023) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-2140-8260 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Szymaniak, K., Harmon‐Jones, S. K., & Harmon‐Jones, E. (2022) · Motivation Science · doi:10.1037/mot0000263 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Le GRAND livre des 1000 premiers jours de vie
(2021) · Dunod eBooks · doi:10.3917/dunod.smith.2021.02.0325 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Touati, C. D., Miljkovitch, R., Sirparanta, A., Ahmad, S., Toléon, C., & Deborde, A.-S. (2023) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2023.107040 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Multiple exclusion homelessness, attachment and relationship with care : a missing link?
Theodorou, N. (2020) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Paetzold, R. L., & Rholes, W. S. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_2021 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationGoldsworthy, S. (2019) · Brock University Digital Repository (Brock University) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Paetzold, R. L., & Rholes, W. S. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_2021-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationContribuição do gênero, apego e estilos de amor nos tipos de ciúme
Stravogiannis, A. L. C. (2020) · doi:10.11606/t.5.2020.tde-09032020-102957
Writing the Theory of the Problem
Brondolo, E. N. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815680-3.00010-4
Further Examinations of Attitudes Toward Discrete Emotions, with a Focus on Attitudes toward AngerPreprint
Harmon‐Jones, E., Szymaniak, K., & Harmon‐Jones, S. K. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/63xdj
The effects of ACE on intimate relationships
Rokach, A., & Clayton, S. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85853-3.00007-0
Nakao, T., & Kazui, M. (2025) · The Japanese Journal of Personality · doi:10.2132/personality.33.3.9
Examining Correlates of Child Abuse with Adult Attachment and Sexual Satisfaction Among Adults
Azam, A., Brown, C. C., Weiser, D. A., Soloski, K. L., Smith, D., Smalley, N., Swecker, K., & Gomes, A. (2025) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2025.2570177
- Authors
- Steven Rholes, W., Paetzold, R. L., & Kohn, J. L.
- Affiliations
- Texas A&M University (US)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-02
- Volume
- 90
- Pages
- 61-65
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1821737555
- Cited by
- 40
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- disorganized attachment, childhood trauma, externalizing problems, romantic relationships, attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance, attachment working models, mediation, adult attachment, developmental continuity
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review