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Cited by 103Attachment and Relationship DynamicsChild and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional DevelopmentPsychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research

Disorganized behavior in adolescent-parent interaction: relations to attachment state of mind, partner abuse, and psychopathology

Open access
Obsuth, Ingrid, Hennighausen, Katherine, Brumariu, Laura E, Lyons-Ruth, Karlen·2014·Child Development
DOI 10.1111/cdev.12113PMC PMC3732543
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Abstract

Disoriented, punitive, and caregiving/role-confused attachment behaviors are associated with psychopathology in childhood, but have not been assessed in adolescence. A total of 120 low-income late adolescents (aged 18–23 years) and parents were assessed in a conflict-resolution paradigm. Their interactions were coded with the Goal-Corrected Partnership in Adolescence Coding Scales. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the three disorganized constructs (punitive, caregiving, and disoriented interaction) were best represented as distinct factors and were separable from a fourth factor for collaboration. The four factors were then assessed in relation to measures of attachment disorganization, partner abuse, and psychopathology. Results indicate that forms of disorganized behavior first described in early childhood can also be reliably assessed in adolescence and are associated with maladaptive outcomes across multiple domains.

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Crossref · 10.1111/cdev.12113

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Claims the paper makes

0 of 76 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    A confirmatory factor analysis indicated that punitive, caregiving, and disoriented interaction formed three separate factors, distinct from a collaboration factor.

    “Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated that the three disorganized constructs (punitive, care-giving, and disoriented interaction) were best represented as distinct factors and were separable from a fourth factor for collaboration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The CFA confirmed a dyadic structure to the observed interactions, with each factor including contributions from both adolescent and parent.

    “the CFA confirmed a particular kind of underlying dyadic structure to the observed interactions, in that each factor included contributions from both adolescent and parent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.
  • Findingown data

    Caregiving/Role-Confusion was the only aspect of interaction positively associated with providing emotional support to the parent.

    “Linear regression analyses indicated that Caregiving/Role-Confusion was the only aspect of interaction positively associated with providing emotional support to the parent (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.
  • Findingown data

    Only the dyadic factor score for role-confusion captured the caregiving adolescent's increased risk of abusive behavior toward a romantic partner.

    “However, only the dyadic factor score for role-confusion captured the caregiving adolescent’s increased risk of abusive behavior toward a romantic partner (Table 3), suggesting that the particular patterning of the role-confused dyadic interaction was important to the prediction of the adolescent’s aggression toward a partner.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.
  • Findingown data

    With every one-point increase in Collaboration, the odds of the adolescent not being classified as Hostile-Helpless significantly increased by a factor of 1.64 (χ2= 8.82, p = .003).

    “With every one-point increase in Collaboration in adolescent-parent interaction, the odds of the adolescent not being classified as Hostile-Helpless significantly increased by a factor of 1.64 (or 64%) (χ2= 8.82, p = .003).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.
  • May combine two claims. 59
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 42

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Family sociodemographic risk was significantly negatively related to the Collaboration Factor (r = −.34, p = .02) and significantly positively related to both the Disorientation Factor (r = .20, p = .04) and the Caregiving/Role-Confusion Factor (r = .20, p = .04).

    “However, consistent with previous literature, family sociodemographic risk was significantly negatively related to the Collaboration Factor (r = −.34, p = .02) and significantly positively related to both the Disorientation Factor (r = .20, p = .04) and the Caregiving/Role-Confusion Factor (r = .20, p = .04).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    With punitive interaction controlled, collaboration also did not add to prediction of HH states of mind (χ2 = 1.23, ns) or depressive symptoms (β = −.16, p = .09).

    “Notably, however, with punitive interaction controlled, collaboration also did not add to prediction of HH states of mind (χ2 = 1.23, ns) or depressive symptoms (β = −.16, p = .09).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Neither Disorientation nor Caregiving/Role-Confusion were related to HH classification (χ2 = .71, p = .40; χ2 = 1.57, p = .52).

    “Neither Disorientation nor Caregiving/Role-Confusion were related to HH classification (χ2 = .71, p = .40; χ2 = 1.57, p = .52).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The four dyadic factor scores yielded twelve β coefficients of .25 or above, while the four adolescent scales yielded only six β coefficients of .25 or above for continuous measures.

    “Finally, the four dyadic factor scores were strongest in capturing the overall pattern of findings, yielding twelve β coefficients of .25 or above, while the four adolescent scales yielded only six β coefficients of .25 or above for continuous measures.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Analyses of the four adolescent scales largely replicated the pattern of results yielded by the four dyadic latent factors, while analyses of the parent scales did not.

    “Results described below revealed that analyses of the four adolescent scales largely replicated the pattern of results yielded by the four dyadic latent factors, while analyses of the parent scales did not.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The CHQ was significantly related to both Caregiving/Role-Confusion and Punitive Control in adolescent-parent interaction.

    “The CHQ was significantly related to both Caregiving/Role-Confusion and Punitive Control in adolescent-parent interaction, mirroring results in younger age groups (George & Solomon, 2008).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The disorientation factor was positively skewed (skew =1.85) and could not be adequately normalized using standard transformations.

    “The disorientation factor that resulted from these analyses was positively skewed (skew =1.85) and could not be adequately normalized using standard transformations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Study participants had high rates of Axis I psychiatric diagnoses and high rates of comorbidity.

    “Descriptively, study participants had high rates of Axis I psychiatric diagnoses and, consistent with the larger psychiatric literature, high rates of comorbidity (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, & Walters, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The SCID-I has reliability K’s of .61 for current diagnosis and .68 for lifetime diagnoses.
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The covariances among the three disorganized factors were all significantly different from zero but modest (.09 - .28).

    “Although the covariances among the three disorganized factors were all significantly different from zero, they were also modest (.09 - .28, Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Results from ANOVAs were consistent with those from regression techniques, indicating that violation of the assumption of normality was not biasing the results.

    “These results based on the ANOVAs were consistent with those reported in the manuscript using regression techniques, thus indicating that violation of the assumption of normality was not biasing the results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For caregiving/role-confused interaction, only the prediction of adolescents' abuse toward their romantic partners no longer reached significance with collaboration controlled; all other results remained significant.

    “In relation to caregiving/role-confused interaction, only the prediction of adolescents’ abuse toward their romantic partners no longer reached significance with collaboration controlled (Table 3). All other results remained significant.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Punitive, disoriented, and caregiving/role-confused interactions were all significantly related to elevations in depressive and dissociative symptoms.

    “In contrast, punitive, disoriented, and caregiving/role-confused interactions were all significantly related to elevations in depressive and dissociative symptoms (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Parental punitive behavior was the strongest single predictor of abuse by a partner in the study, and parental role-confused behavior was the strongest single predictor of adolescent depression.

    “In fact, parental punitive behavior was the strongest single predictor of abuse by a partner in the study, and parental role-confused behavior was the strongest single predictor of adolescent depression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Punitive interaction was significantly positively related to abuse by the adolescents toward their romantic partners and abuse toward the adolescents by their partners.

    “In contrast, punitive interaction was significantly positively related to abuse by the adolescents toward their romantic partners and abuse toward the adolescents by their partners (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For adolescent dissociative symptoms and overall quality of romantic relationships, levels of collaboration accounted for unique variance beyond that accounted for by punitive interaction.

    “This was not true of adolescent dissociative symptoms or overall quality of romantic relationships, however, for which levels of collaboration accounted for unique variance beyond that accounted for by punitive interaction (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    There were no significant relations between Unresolved classification on the AAI and either Punitive Control or Caregiving/Role-Confused interactions (χ2= .855, p = .355 and χ2 = 2.01, p = .156).

    “There were no significant relations between Unresolved classification on the AAI and either Punitive Control or Caregiving/Role-Confused interactions (χ2= .855, p = .355 and χ2 = 2.01, p = .156; respectively).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both Collaboration and Punitive Control were significantly related to HH classification on the AAI.

    “Both Collaboration and Punitive Control were significantly related to HH classification on the AAI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both Caregiving/Role-Confusion and Disorientation were positively related to giving instrumental support to the parent.

    “Both Caregiving/Role-Confusion and Disorientation were positively related to giving instrumental support to the parent (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    With collaboration controlled, punitive interaction no longer added to the prediction of Hostile-Helpless states of mind, overall quality of romantic relationships, depressive symptoms, or dissociative symptoms.

    “With collaboration controlled, punitive interaction no longer added to the prediction of Hostile-Helpless states of mind (χ2 = .69, ns), overall quality of romantic relationships, depressive symptoms, or dissociative symptoms (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Thirty-two percent had no Axis I psychopathology, 30% met criteria for one Axis I diagnosis, 22.5 % for two Axis I diagnoses, and 15.5% for three or more diagnoses.

    “Thirty-two percent had no Axis I psychopathology, 30% met criteria for one Axis I diagnosis, 22.5 % for two Axis I diagnoses, and 15.5% for three or more diagnoses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The SCID-I has reliability K’s of .61 for current diagnosis and .68 for lifetime diagnoses.
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Collaboration in interaction was significantly negatively related to both abuse by adolescents toward their romantic partners and abuse toward the adolescent by their partners.

    “Consistent with the ADAPFA results, Collaboration in interaction was significantly negatively related to both abuse by adolescents toward their romantic partners and abuse toward the adolescent by their partners (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Infant disorganization was not significantly related to Collaboration, Punitive Control or Caregiving/Role-Confusion (χ2= 1.32, χ2= .00, χ2= .31, respectively, all ps ns).

    “Infant disorganization was not significantly related to Collaboration, Punitive Control or Caregiving/Role-Confusion (χ2= 1.32, χ2= .00, χ2= .31, respectively, all ps ns).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Neither Collaboration nor Disorientation was related to caregiving helplessness.

    “Neither Collaboration nor Disorientation was related to caregiving helplessness (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both Collaboration and Disorientation in interaction were significantly related to Unresolved classification on the AAI.

    “Both Collaboration and Disorientation in interaction were significantly related to Unresolved classification on the AAI.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Both alternative models (two-factor and one-factor) provided a poor fit to the data, with fit indices outside acceptable range (RMSEAs >.10; CFIs & TLIs <.79).

    “Both of the alternative models provided a poor fit to the data, with fit indices outside the range of acceptable fit (RMSEAs >.10; CFIs & TLIs <.79; see Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Collaboration was significantly associated with eight of the 12 outcome variables, including Unresolved and Hostile-Helpless states of mind (but not infant disorganization) and six of the nine continuous outcome variables.

    “Collaboration was significantly associated with eight of the 12 outcome variables, including Unresolved and Hostile-Helpless states of mind (but not infant disorganization) and six of the nine continuous outcome variables, as shown in Table 3.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Of the eight constructs related to the latent factor for punitive control, adolescent punitive behavior toward the parent was related to six of the eight, including maternal caregiving helplessness, adolescent abuse to partner, partner abuse to adolescent, overall psychiatric morbidity and depressive symptoms, as well as to Hostile-Helpless states of mind on the AAI.

    “Of the eight constructs related to the latent factor for punitive control, adolescent punitive behavior toward the parent was related to six of the eight, including maternal caregiving helplessness, adolescent abuse to partner, partner abuse to adolescent, overall psychiatric morbidity and depressive symptoms (β = .20 - .29, p = .04 - .02), as well as to Hostile-Helpless states of mind on the AAI”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The SCID-I has reliability K’s of .61 for current diagnosis and .68 for lifetime diagnoses.
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Caregiving/Role-Confusion in interaction was significantly positively related to abuse by the adolescents toward their romantic partners but was not related to abuse toward the adolescent by their partners.

    “Caregiving/Role-Confusion in interaction was also significantly positively related to abuse by the adolescents toward their romantic partners but was not related to abuse toward the adolescent by their partners (Table 3).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Neither punitive nor caregiving interaction was linked to Unresolved loss or trauma on the AAI.

    “In addition, neither punitive nor caregiving interaction was related to Unresolved loss or trauma on the AAI. Thus, the Unresolved classification does not appear to be sensitive to the representational components of controlling behavior.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Mothers of adolescents with more disoriented behavior did not report greater child-rearing helplessness on the CHQ, whereas mothers of more caregiving or punitive adolescents did.

    “However, the mothers of more disoriented adolescents did not describe themselves as experiencing more helplessness in relation to child-rearing on the CHQ, as did mothers of more caregiving or punitive adolescents.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    While the CFA confirmed this dyadic patterning, analyses of the individual adolescent and parent scales also revealed that when adolescent behaviors were considered alone, a very similar pattern of results emerged.

    “While the CFA confirmed this dyadic patterning of the interactions, analyses of the individual adolescent and parent scales also revealed that when adolescent behaviors were considered alone, a very similar pattern of results emerged.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Controlling children try to direct the parent's attention and behavior and take on a role usually more appropriate for a parent.

    “Controlling children “actively attempt to control or direct the parent’s attention and behavior, and [they] assume a role, which is usually considered more appropriate for a parent with reference to a child””
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Main & Cassidy, 1988 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Some disorganized infants remain disorganized through preschool and do not adopt controlling strategies.

    “some disorganized infants remain disorganized over the preschool period and do not adopt controlling strategies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Moss, Cyr, Bureau, Tarabulsy, and Dubois-Comtois (2005)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Those forms are linked to parental risk factors and to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems.

    “and are associated with parental risk factors and maladaptive internalizing and externalizing behavior problems”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cyr, Euser, Bakermans-Kranenburg, & van IJzendoorn, 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Fearon, Bakermans-Kranenburg, van IJzendoorn, Lapsley, & Roisman, 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Behavioral disorganization and controlling behavior were still evident at age eight.

    “Bureau, Easterbrooks, and Lyons-Ruth (2009) extended this age range by finding that behavioral disorganization, as well as controlling forms of behavior, continued to be evident at age eight.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bureau, Easterbrooks, and Lyons-Ruth (2009)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Respectful and empathic exchange of views that guides joint activity is considered the core of a goal-corrected partnership.

    “Such respectful and empathic exchange of views in the service of guiding joint activity is thought to constitute the essential characteristic of a goal-corrected partnership”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bowlby, 1969/1982

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisenone given

    Those coding systems all assess collaboration in dyadic functioning.

    “These coding systems all include an assessment of collaboration in dyadic functioning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Controlling-punitive behavior involves hostility toward the parent with a challenging, humiliating, cruel, or defying quality.

    “Controlling-punitive behavior is characterized by episodes of hostility toward the parent that are marked by a challenging, humiliating, cruel, or defying quality”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In infancy, disorganized attachment means lacking a consistent way to organize attachment responses to the parent under stress.

    “In infancy, the term ’disorganized’ refers to the lack of a consistent way of organizing attachment responses to the parent when under stress”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Main & Solomon, 1990

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Maintaining a goal-corrected partnership is especially important when parents and children conflict, and such conflict rises in adolescence.

    “The ability of parents to maintain a goal-corrected partnership with their child is particularly critical during conflict between parents and children, which increases during adolescence”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Paikoff & Brooks-Gunn, 1991

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Allen, Hauser, Bell, & O’Connor, 1994

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    Controlling-caregiving behavior involves organizing or guiding the parent and offering support or encouragement.

    “Controlling-caregiving behavior is characterized by organizing and guiding the parent or providing support and encouragement”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    When a goal-corrected partnership is formed early, flexible negotiation strategies become internal working models that guide autonomy negotiations in adolescence.

    “if a goal-corrected partnership is established between parent and child early in life, flexible strategies for negotiating between the needs of self and others will become established as internal working models and will guide negotiations with parents around increased autonomy during the transition through adolescence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kobak, Cole, Ferenz-Gillies and Gamble (1993) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Infant disorganized attachment has been linked to elevated cortisol responses.

    “These disorganized attachment behaviors in infancy have been further related to elevated cortisol responses in infancy”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Spangler & Grossmann, 1993 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A conflict discussion paradigm has often been used to assess parent-adolescent relationships.

    “researchers have often used a conflict discussion paradigm to assess aspects of parent-adolescent relationships”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Allen et al., 1994 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Eisenberg, Hofer, and Spinrad et al., 2008

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kobak et al., 1993 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Balancing autonomy with secure relatedness is prominent in parent-adolescent conflict discussions.

    “Allen and colleagues (2002) further point out that balancing autonomy with secure relatedness is highlighted during parent-adolescent conflict discussions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Allen and colleagues (2002)

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Infant disorganized behaviors include apprehensive, helpless, or depressed behavior; approach-avoidance alternations; and marked conflict behaviors such as freezing, stilling, or slowed movements.

    “The particular combinations of disorganized behaviors observed in infancy tend to be idiosyncratic from child to child but include apprehensive, helpless, or depressed behaviors; unexpected alternations of approach and avoidance toward the attachment figure; and other marked conflict behaviors, such as prolonged freezing or stilling, or slowed “underwater” movements”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Main & Solomon, 1990

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Little is known about links between verbal skills and adolescent observational measures.

    “but little is known about possible links between verbal skills and adolescent observational measures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The HH coding system has been validated against infant disorganization, maternal disrupted communication, and adult psychopathology.

    “The HH coding system has been validated in relation to infant disorganization, maternal disrupted communication, and adult psychopathology”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lyons-Ruth et al., 2005b

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lyons-Ruth et al., 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    AAI classification reliability between two coders was Kappa = .71 (n=27).

    “The reliability Kappa for classification between two coders on the present sample was K = .71 (n = 27).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The CECA interview has satisfactory inter-rater reliability and validity.

    “The Role-Confusion module is part of the larger CECA interview assessing maltreatment in childhood, which has satisfactory inter-rater reliability and validity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bifulco et al., 1994 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Prior literature shows a significant link between socioeconomic risk and attachment disorganization.

    “previous literature has shown a significant link between socioeconomic risk and attachment disorganization”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cyr et al., 2010 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Little is known about whether controlling or disorganized behaviors persist from age eight through adolescence and adulthood or remain risk markers.

    “However, from age eight through adolescence and adulthood, little is known about whether controlling or disorganized behaviors remain evident in child-parent interactions or whether they should be regarded as markers of risk.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    CTS2 abuse scores had alphas of .85 to .87.

    “Two scores were computed, one for abuse by the adolescent toward their partner and one for abuse by the partner toward the adolescent (α = .85-.87, respectively).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisereasoning

    It is unclear whether AAI Unresolved scoring strongly indexes disorganization in adolescence.

    “In addition, based on studies of high-risk adolescents, it remains unclear whether the scoring system for Unresolved Loss or Trauma on the AAI provides a strong index of disorganization in adolescence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The HH coding system may be promising for adolescent disorganization because it does not depend on how the adolescent discusses loss or abuse.

    “A more recent coding system for the AAI, the Hostile-Helpless (HH) coding system (Lyons-Ruth, Melnick, Patrick, & Hobson, 2007; Lyons-Ruth, Yellin, Melnick, & Atwood, 2005b), may be promising for assessing disorganization in adolescence because it does not rely on how the adolescent discusses experiences of loss or abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lyons-Ruth, Melnick, Patrick, & Hobson, 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lyons-Ruth, Yellin, Melnick, & Atwood, 2005b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The CTS2 is a well-validated measure of intimate partner abuse.

    “The CTS2 is a well validated measure of intimate partner abuse”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vega & O’Leary, 2007

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Autonomous adolescent states on the Attachment Q-set are associated with fewer high-risk behaviors, fewer mental health problems, and less dysfunctional anger in problem-solving.

    “Kobak and colleagues found that autonomous states of mind in adolescence, assessed with the Attachment Q-set based on the AAI, were associated with fewer high-risk behaviors, fewer mental health problems, and problem-solving discussions characterized by less dysfunctional anger”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Kobak et al., 1993 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Kobak & Ferenz-Gillies, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    Disorganized and controlling child behaviors have been validated as risk markers from infancy through middle childhood.

    “Thus, both disorganized and controlling forms of child behavior have been validated as markers of risk from infancy to middle childhood.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    This lack of integration is seen as arising from unbalanced dominant-submissive models in punitive or caregiving parent-child interactions.

    “This lack of integration is viewed as emerging from the very unbalanced, dominant-submissive relationship models seen in punitive or caregiving parent-child interactions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mothers of disorganized/controlling children report more depression and more dysfunctional partner relationships.

    “Mothers of disorganized/controlling children report more depression and more dysfunctional relationships with partners”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Moss et al., 2004 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites NICHD ECCRN, 2001

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites O’Connor et al., 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In that high-risk sample, 52% were Dismissing and 15% Unresolved on the AAI.

    “In addition, an unusually high percentage of these high-risk adolescents were classified as Dismissing on the AAI (52%), while the percentage classified Unresolved was similar to that in low-risk samples (15%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Weinfield, Whaley, & Egeland, 2004

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Prior studies have not found consistent gender differences in the incidence of controlling or disorganized attachment behavior.

    “Notably, none of the above studies have found consistent gender differences in the incidence of controlling or disorganized attachment behavior.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    HH classification inter-rater reliability was Kappa = .82 (n=15).

    “Inter-rater reliability on HH classification was K = .82 (n = 15).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The 64 adolescent-only families were matched with longitudinal families on adolescent age, ethnicity, and whether mothers were single parents.

    “The 64 families seen only in adolescence were matched to longitudinal families on adolescent age, ethnicity, and mothers’ single parenthood.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    All GPACS ratings were reliable, with ri from .75 to .96 (n=16).

    “All ratings were reliable, ri = .75-.96 (n = 16).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    AAIs were also coded for HH by separate, blind coders.

    “AAIs were also coded by separate and naïve coders for Hostile-Helpless representations of attachment relationships”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The HH coding system rates lack of integration between extreme positive and negative evaluations of primary attachment relationships across the interview.

    “Instead, the HH coding system focuses on how the participant discusses childhood attachment relationships across the entire interview, rating the degree to which there is an overall lack of integration between more extreme forms of positive and negative evaluations of primary attachment relationships.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lyons-Ruth, Melnick, Patrick, & Hobson, 2007 source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites Lyons-Ruth, Yellin, Melnick, & Atwood, 2005b

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The CECA-RC emotional and instrumental role-confusion scales had reliabilities of .95 and .91 (n=45).

    “Emotional Role-Confusion and Instrumental Role-Confusion were rated on separate 5-point scales developed for the present study, reliability ri = .95 and .91, respectively (n = 45).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    AAI coders were trained and certified reliable and were blind to all other study data.

    “Coders were trained and certified as reliable through the standard training procedures of Main and Hesse and were naive to all other data in the present study.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A well-grounded behavioral assessment of attachment disorganization in adolescence is clearly needed.

    “Thus, there is the clear need for a well-grounded behavioural assessment of attachment disorganization in adolescence.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Modest links have been found between AAI security and verbal skills in adults.

    “Modest links have been found between AAI security and verbal skills in adults”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crowell, Waters, Treboux, & O’Connor, 1996

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The APFA has demonstrated good inter-rater reliability and agreement between subjects and informants.

    “The APFA has shown good inter-rater reliability and subject-informant agreement (Hill, Fudge, Harrington, Pickles, & Rutter, 1995).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hill, Fudge, Harrington, Pickles, & Rutter, 1995

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The CHQ has been validated in relation to child controlling behavior for mothers of children ages 3-11 years.

    “The CHQ has been validated in relation to child controlling behavior for mothers of children ages 3-11 years (George & Solomon, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites George & Solomon, 2011

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The CES-D is a widely used instrument for assessing general depressive symptoms in nonclinical samples, with well-established reliability and validity.

    “The CES-D is a widely used instrument for assessing general depressive symptoms in nonclinical samples, with well-established reliability and validity (Radloff, 1977).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Radloff, 1977 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    In this study, the inter-rater reliabilities between the four study raters and expert coders from J. Hill's lab were .67, .75, .81, and .82 (n = 12).

    “Reliabilities between the four study raters and expert coders from J. Hill’s lab were ri’s = .67, .75, .81, and .82 (n = 12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    For the current sample, the CHQ had an alpha of .80.

    “For the current sample a = .80.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The WAIS Similarities Subtest has a high correlation (r = .85) with overall WAIS verbal IQ scores.

    “This subtest has a high correlation (r = .85) with overall WAIS verbal IQ scores (WAIS®–III; Wechsler, 1997).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wechsler, 1997

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The DES has demonstrated convergent validity with other dissociation measures, predictive validity with Dissociative Identity Disorder, and robust test-retest reliability (α = .93).

    “A meta-analysis has demonstrated convergent validity with other measures of dissociation, predictive validity with Dissociative Identity Disorder, and robust test-retest reliability (α = .93; van IJzendoorn & Schuengel, 1996).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites van IJzendoorn & Schuengel, 1996 source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The three aspects of disorganized behavior were largely distinct from one another, even though they could also occur in combination.

    “Thus, as confirmed by the CFA, the three aspects of disorganized behavior were largely distinct from one another, even though they could also occur in combination.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Reliability on the disorganized classification between M. Main and a second coder was K =.73 (n = 32).

    “Reliability on the disorganized classification between M. Main and a second coder was K =.73 (n = 32).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Punitive behavior is linked to pervasive difficulties integrating thinking about attachment relationships, though not necessarily to discourse about loss or trauma.

    “Thus, these results extend the large body of work on aggressive youth in indicating that punitive behavior is also associated with pervasive difficulties in integrating one’s thinking about attachment relationships, though not necessarily one’s discourse in relation to loss or trauma.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Carlson (1998) reported that infant disorganization predicted a similar overall psychopathology measure on Axis I at age 19, but infant security was not specifically examined.

    “Carlson (1998) reported that disorganization in infancy predicted a similar measure of overall psychopathology on Axis I at age 19, but security in infancy was not specifically examined.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Carlson (1998) source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Disorientation was characterized by odd, out-of-context behavior (e.g., suddenly freezing with arms up during interaction with mother).

    “As in infancy and childhood, disorientation was characterized by odd, out-of-context behavior (e.g., suddenly freezing with arms up during interaction with mother).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Although the three types of disorganization were best modeled as distinct aspects of interaction, they were also modestly correlated, indicating that more than one type of disorganized behavior could be shown in the same interaction.

    “Although the three types of disorganization were best modeled as distinct aspects of interaction, they were also modestly correlated, indicating that more than one type of disorganized behavior could be shown in the same interaction, relationship.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    As in childhood, three distinct aspects of disturbed interaction could be described, reliably coded, and distinguished in a factor analytic model.

    “As in childhood, three distinct aspects of disturbed interaction could be described, reliably coded, and distinguished in a factor analytic model.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mothers who show role-confusion when discussing their relationship with the adolescent show unresolved loss, but not unresolved trauma, on the AAI.

    “However, mothers who exhibit role-confusion in discussing their relationship with the adolescent exhibit unresolved loss, but not unresolved trauma, on the AAI (Vulliez-Coady, Obsuth, Torreiro-Casal, Ellertsdottir, & Lyons-Ruth, in press), underscoring the need for future work on the developmental pathways associated with caregiving/roleconfusion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vulliez-Coady, Obsuth, Torreiro-Casal, Ellertsdottir, & Lyons-Ruth, in press

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Results of the CFA also confirmed that the latent factors were dyadic in nature, with particular deviations in adolescent behavior likely to be mirrored in similar or complementary parental behaviors.

    “Results of the CFA also confirmed that the latent factors were dyadic in nature, with particular deviations in adolescent behavior likely to be mirrored in similar or complementary parental behaviors.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Results demonstrate that the three aspects of disorganized interaction described in infancy and childhood can be reliably observed in late adolescence and carry important implications for healthy interpersonal functioning.

    “Results of this study demonstrate that the three aspects of disorganized interaction described in infancy and childhood can be reliably observed in late adolescence and carry important implications for healthy interpersonal functioning.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The GPACS differentiates adolescent disoriented and caregiving behavior from the more typically studied hostile interaction and links all three disturbed interaction aspects to impairment in key developmental outcomes.

    “In addition, the GPACS breaks new ground in differentiating adolescent disoriented and caregiving aspects of behavior from the more typically studied hostile aspects of interaction, and linking all three aspects of disturbed interaction to impairment in key developmental outcomes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The study introduces and validates a reliable observational measure of disorganized attachment behavior in adolescence, filling an important developmental literature gap.

    “With these limitations in mind, the study fills an important gap in the developmental literature by introducing and validating a reliable observational measure of disorganized attachment behavior in adolescence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Disoriented interactions in adolescence had not been described before this study.
    • Rests on an assumption: Caregiving/role-confused interactions had not previously been assessed in adolescence.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    This more disadvantaged sample was not well suited for developing scales for organized but insecure adolescent behavior (avoidance or ambivalence).

    “Further, this more disadvantaged sample was not well suited to developing scales for forms of organized but insecure behavior in adolescence (avoidance or ambivalence).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
91 of 91

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The parent, not the adolescent, is the attachment figure in the parent-adolescent relationship.

    “Because the parent is conceptualized as the attachment figure for the adolescent, and not vice versa, this scale was intended to capture the parent’s function as a secure base for the adolescent.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The SCID-I has reliability K’s of .61 for current diagnosis and .68 for lifetime diagnoses.

    “The SCID yields reliability K’s of .61 for current diagnosis and .68 for lifetime diagnoses, comparable to other structured diagnostic interviews.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The missing data are missing at random, so FIML provides unbiased parameter estimates.

    “adjusting parameter estimates to account for missing data using Full Information Maximum Likelihood (FIML).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Disoriented interactions in adolescence had not been described before this study.

    “To our knowledge, disoriented interactions in adolescence have not been described before and, in light of these findings, deserve increased attention.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Caregiving/role-confused interactions had not previously been assessed in adolescence.

    “Caregiving/role-confused interactions have not previously been assessed in adolescence but demonstrated good construct validity in relation to the adolescent’s self-report of providing emotional and instrumental support to the parent, as well as in relation to the parent’s own self-reported experience of parental helplessness on the CHQ.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Studies of attachment in adolescence have generally not reported on psychiatric diagnostic morbidity.

    “Studies of attachment in adolescence have generally not reported on psychiatric diagnostic morbidity, so there is little with which to compare the present results.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Previous attachment research has tended to work within a framework of classification categories.

    “Previous attachment research has tended to work within a framework of classification categories.”
7 of 7

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The GPACS has demonstrated good validity in relation to concurrent psychopathology, romantic partner relations, and disorganized attachment in infancy.

    “Good validity has been demonstrated in relation to concurrent psychopathology and relations to romantic partners, as well as to disorganized attachment in infancy (78).”

    From Disorganized attachment in infancy predicts greater amygdala volume in adulthood (2016) · cites this paper as [78]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

  • Caregiving Helplessness Questionnaire maximum is overstated

    Minor

    The questionnaire has 45 statements, including 7 fillers, leaving 38 scored statements. At a maximum of 5 points each, the total can reach 190, not 200.

    Reported 200 · recomputed 190

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 7

  1. Arbuckle, 1997, Amos user's guide (v. 3.6)
  2. Cassidy, 1992, Attachment organization in 2½ to 4½ year olds: Coding manual
  3. Eisenberg, 2008, Understanding mother-adolescent conflict discussions, Monographs of the Society of Research on Child Development, 73
  4. First, 1997, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders (SCID-CV)
  5. Lyons-Ruth, 2013, A controlled study of disorganized interaction patterns among individuals with borderlinepersonality disorder
  6. Lyons-Ruth, 2005, Goal-Corrected Partnership in Adolescence Coding System (GPACS): Coding manual
  7. Main, 2003, Adult attachment scoring and classification system

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Obsuth, I., Hennighausen, K., Brumariu, L. E., & Lyons-Ruth, K.
Affiliations
  • Harvard University (US)
  • Harvard Medical School
ORCID
Venue
Child Development
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2014-01-01
Volume
85
Issue
1
Pages
370-387
ISSN
  • 0009-3920 (ISSN-L)
  • 1467-8624
DOI
10.1111/cdev.12113
PMC
PMC3732543
OpenAlex
W2100738341
Cited by
103
References
60
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
FWCI
16.01
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Child Development (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • NIMH (R01 MH062030)
  • Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council
  • NIH (T32 MH 16259-32)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
Keywords
disorganized attachment, partner abuse, psychopathology, collaboration, conflict resolution, late adolescence, low-income youth
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Mental Disorders, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Mothers, Object Attachment, Parent-Child Relations, Parents, Spouse Abuse, Family Conflict, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-04.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-04.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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