The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Personality and perceived stress during COVID-19 pandemic: Testing the mediating role of perceived threat and efficacy
Open accessAbstract
Prolonged stress is associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes. Understanding the mediators between personality and stress is critical for developing effective stress management interventions during a pandemic. Our study explored whether perceptions of threat from COVID-19 and efficacy to follow government recommendations for preventing COVID-19 would mediate the relationships between personality traits (e.g., neuroticism, conscientiousness-goal-striving, extroversion-activity and sociability) and perceived stress. In an online survey of a representative sample of Canadian adults (n = 1055), we found that higher neuroticism and extroversion were associated with higher levels of stress during the pandemic and a greater increase in stress levels compared to levels before the pandemic. Perceived threat and efficacy significantly mediated the relationship between neuroticism and stress, which suggested that individuals with higher neuroticism experienced higher levels of stress due to higher levels of perceived threat and lower levels of efficacy. Perceived threat did not mediate the relationship between extroverts and stress, which suggested that the source of stress may stem from elsewhere (e.g., inability to socialize). Our findings highlighted that personality traits could be an important factor in identifying stress-prone individuals during a pandemic and that stress management interventions need to be personality specific.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Indeed, emotion-focused coping strategies (such as seeking social support and acceptance) correlated negatively with perceived stress, whereas a dysfunctional coping style (i.e., the avoidance of negative thoughts, denial, and substance use) correlated positively with it [65,66].”
From Impact of Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: A Study on Dispositional and Behavioral Dimensions for Supporting Evidence-Based Targeted Strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [65]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“According to Liu et al. [79], for example, individuals with higher levels of neuroticism would have the tendency “to perceive events as highly threatening and often have limited coping resources, self-regulation and perceived efficacy, and thus resulting in a higher level of stress” [79] (p. 2).”
In the citing paper
“Similarly, also the second association we identified, according to which, on the contrary, dysfunctional coping strategies (behavioral disengagement, denial, self-blame, self-distraction, substance use) are linked to higher levels of perceived stress, is consistent with the results of many other studies [79,100,110], as well as in line with our expectations.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2013) · Cited by 44,563
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.40.3.879 · Cited by 34,117
Wang, C., Pan, R., Wan, X., Tan, Y., Xu, L., Ho, C. S., & Ho, R. C. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17051729 · Cited by 9,923
WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic.
Cucinotta, D., & Vanelli, M. (2020) · Acta bio-medica dell'Ateneo parmense/Acta biomedica · doi:10.23750/abm.v91i1.9397 · Cited by 8,022
Health Promotion by Social Cognitive Means
Bandura, A. (2004) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198104263660 · Cited by 7,238
(2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-109890-2.x5027-6 · Cited by 4,451
2019-nCoV epidemic: Address mental health care to empower society
Bao, Y., Sun, Y., Meng, S., Shi, J., & Lu, L. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30309-3 · Cited by 2,038
Mazza, C., Ricci, E., Biondi, S., Colasanti, M., Ferracuti, S., Napoli, C., & Roma, P. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17093165 · Cited by 1,899
Predicting Risk Behaviors: Development and Validation of a Diagnostic Scale
Witte, K. (1996) · Journal of Health Communication · doi:10.1080/108107396127988 · Cited by 759
The big five personality factors : the psycholexical approach to personality
Raad, B. D. (2000) · Cited by 403
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Gubler, D. A., Makowski, L. M., Troche, S. J., & Schlegel, K. (2020) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-020-00326-5 · Cited by 194
Zettler, I., Schild, C., Lilleholt, L., Kroencke, L., Utesch, T., Moshagen, M., BOHM, R. M., Back, M. D., & Geukes, K. (2021) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/19485506211001680 · Cited by 165
Service robots and COVID-19: exploring perceptions of prevention efficacy at hotels in generation Z
Romero, J., & Lado, N. (2021) · International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management · doi:10.1108/ijchm-10-2020-1214 · Cited by 149
Kayis, A. R., Satici, B., Deniz, M. E., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022) · Behaviour & Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2021.1933181 · Cited by 104
“(Liu et al. 2021).”
BackgroundBig Five traits as predictors of perceived stressfulness of the COVID-19 pandemic
Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.110694 · Cited by 100
Metadata
- Authors
- Liu, S., Lithopoulos, A., Zhang, C.-Q., Garcia-Barrera, M. A., & Rhodes, R. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Hong Kong Baptist University (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Sam
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-01
- Volume
- 168
- Pages
- 110351
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7442020
- OpenAlex
- W3080173431
- Cited by
- 321
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 58 · 2022: 100 · 2021: 78
- FWCI
- 24.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Victoria
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, perceived stress, personality traits, neuroticism, extraversion, threat perception, perceived efficacy, mediating role, stress management interventions, social isolation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
