Fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing among the Turkish general population: a serial mediation model

Kayis, A. Rifat; Satici, Begum; Deniz, M. Engin; Satici, Seydi Ahmet; Griffiths, Mark D.

doi:10.1080/0144929x.2021.1933181

Cited by 104COVID-19 and Mental HealthImpact of Technology on AdolescentsCommunication and COVID-19 Impact

Fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing among the Turkish general population: a serial mediation model

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Kayis, A. Rifat, Satici, Begum, Deniz, M. Engin, Satici, Seydi Ahmet, Griffiths, Mark D.·2022·Behaviour & Information Technology

DOI 10.1080/0144929x.2021.1933181

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Abstract

The novel coronavirus-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has become a major health problem worldwide. The impact of COVID-19 has also been associated with psychological and social problems. The main objective of the present study was to examine the associations between fear of COVID-19 and mental wellbeing, through a serial mediation analysis that included loneliness and smartphone addiction. Utilising convenience sampling from 73 of 81 cities in Turkey via the web-based survey the present study comprised 773 participants (556 females and 217 males; aged between 18 and 66 years) were collected. Self-report data were collected including psychometric measures assessing fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing. Fear of COVID-19 was found to have both a direct and indirect effect on mental wellbeing. In addition, results supported a serial mediation model where fear of COVID-19 was found to influence mental wellbeing via loneliness and smartphone addiction in a sequential manner. The findings suggest that higher fear of COVID-19 is associated with lower mental wellbeing by negatively affecting individuals’ emotion and behaviour.

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Fear of COVID-19 and anxiety regarding COVID-19 infection are significant positive predictors of smartphone addiction.
“Research has shown that the fear of COVID-19 and anxiety regarding COVID-19 infection are identified as significant positive predictors of smartphone addiction [10,11].”
From COVID-19 Victimization Experience and College Students’ Mobile Phone Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Effect of Future Anxiety and Mindfulness (2022) · cites this paper as [10]
Section 4.3 (p. 7) reports that fear of COVID-19 significantly and positively predicted smartphone addiction (B = 0.237, p < .001). The paper measured fear of COVID-19, but the cited passages do not establish anxiety about infection as a separate significant predictor. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Psychological Well-Being and Internet Addiction among University Students.
Çardak, M. (2013) · The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Relationship between Psychological Well-Being and Smartphone Addiction of University Students
Kumcağız, H., & Gündüz, Y. (2016) · International Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.5430/ijhe.v5n4p144 · Cited by 109 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…has positive correlations with psychopathological outcomes such as depression, anxiety and stress (Gökçearslan, Uluyol, and Şahin 2018; Matar Boumosleh and Jaalouk 2017) and has a negative correlation with positive wellbeing (Horwood and Anglim 2019; Kumcagiz and Gündüz 2016; Samaha and Hawi 2016).”
Background
Association of excessive smartphone use with psychological well-being among university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand
Tangmunkongvorakul, A., Musumari, P. M., Thongpibul, K., Srithanaviboonchai, K., Techasrivichien, T., Suguimoto, S. P., Ono‐Kihara, M., & Kihara, M. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0210294 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Smartphone, the New Learning Aid amongst Medical Students
Gavali, M. Y. (2017) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2017/20948.9826 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Monitoring healthy and disturbed sleep through smartphone applications: a review of experimental evidence
Fino, E., & Mazzetti, M. (2018) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-018-1661-3 · Cited by 87 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Consequently, although smartphones make lives easier when used functionally (Fino and Mazzetti 2019; Gavali et al. 2017), when used excessively, smartphone use may disrupt both physical andmental health among a small minority of individuals (Lapointe, Boudreau-Pinsonneault, and Vaghefi 2013; Oh and…”
Background
Outbreak of COVID-19 – an urgent need for good science to silence our fears?
Lum, L., & Tambyah, P. A. (2020) · Singapore Medical Journal · doi:10.11622/smedj.2020018 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Safe but lonely? Loneliness, mental health symptoms and COVID-19
Okruszek, Ł., Aniszewska-Stańczuk, A., Piejka, A., Wiśniewska, M., & Żurek, K. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/9njps · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Is Smartphone Usage Truly Smart? A Qualitative Investigation of IT Addictive Behaviors
Lapointe, L., Boudreau-Pinsonneault, C., & Vaghefi, I. (2013) · 2013 46th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences · doi:10.1109/hicss.2013.367 · Cited by 76 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…although smartphones make lives easier when used functionally (Fino and Mazzetti 2019; Gavali et al. 2017), when used excessively, smartphone use may disrupt both physical andmental health among a small minority of individuals (Lapointe, Boudreau-Pinsonneault, and Vaghefi 2013; Oh and Kim 2020).”
Background
Smart phone addiction and mindfulness: an intergenerational comparison
Kim, K.-E., Milne, G. R., & Bahl, S. (2018) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing · doi:10.1108/ijphm-08-2016-0044 · Cited by 73 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…an increased desire of the phone, feelings of deprivation and restlessness when unable to reach the smartphone, an inability to stop using the smartphone and delaying daily work as a result of smartphone usage (Bian and Leung 2015; Kara, Baytemir, and Inceman-Kara 2019; Kim, Milne, and Bahl 2018).”
Background
Associations among physical activity and smartphone use with perceived stress and sleep quality of Chinese college students
Zhai, X., Ye, M., Wang, C., Gu, Q., Huang, T., Wang, K., Chen, Z., & Xiang, F. (2020) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100323 · Cited by 71 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Excessive smartphone use is an ineffective coping strategy (Flynn, Thériault, and Williams 2020; Zhai et al. 2020) which may lower the wellbeing of individuals.”
Background
Testing Longitudinal Relationships between Internet Addiction and Well-Being in Hong Kong Adolescents: Cross-Lagged Analyses Based on three Waves of Data
Yu, L., & Shek, D. T. L. (2017) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-017-9494-3 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The relationship between smartphone use for communication, social capital, and subjective well-being in Korean adolescents: Verification using multiple latent growth modeling
Bae, S. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.11.032 · Cited by 70 · cited 2× · see citing works
“When smartphones are used effectively, they promote the development of social relationships and wellbeing (Bae 2019; Fitz et al. 2019; Mentor 2018).”
Background
Üniversite gençlerinin yalnızlık ve utangaçlık unsurları açısından akıllı telefon bağımlılığı
Aktaş, H., & Yılmaz, N. (2016) · International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research · doi:10.24289/ijsser.283590 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Mental Health Impact of COVID-19: A global study of risk and resilience factorsPreprint
Płomecka, M. B., Gobbi, S., Neckels, R., et al. (2020) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2020.05.05.20092023 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
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Badarinathi, R. (1992) · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Clinical Neuropsychiatry
McAllister, T. W., & Trzepacz, P. T. (1990) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.2.3.337 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Development and Validation of a Questionnaire to Assess Knowledge, Threat and Coping Appraisal, and Intention to Practice Healthy Behaviors Related to Non-Communicable Diseases in the Thai Population
Chamroonsawasdi, K., Chottanapund, S., Tunyasitthisundhorn, P., Phokaewsuksa, N., Ruksujarit, T., & Phasuksathaporn, P. (2017) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs7020020 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
The Use of Smartphones to Cope with Stress in University Students: Helpful or Harmful?
Flynn, E. A., Thériault, É. R., & Williams, S. (2020) · Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science · doi:10.1007/s41347-019-00125-7 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Excessive smartphone use is an ineffective coping strategy (Flynn, Thériault, and Williams 2020; Zhai et al. 2020) which may lower the wellbeing of individuals.”
Background
Micro to Macro Social Connectedness Through Mobile Phone Engagement
Mentor, D. (2017) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-2255-3.ch537 · Cited by 20 · cited 2× · see citing works
“When smartphones are used effectively, they promote the development of social relationships and wellbeing (Bae 2019; Fitz et al. 2019; Mentor 2018).”
Background
Linking loneliness to depression: a dynamic perspective
Mishra, S. K., Kodwani, A. D., Kumar, K. K., & Jain, K. K. (2018) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-10-2016-0158 · Cited by 18 · cited 2× · see citing works
“levels may trigger psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety (Mishra et al. 2018; Panicker and Sachdev 2014) and can negatively affect an individual’s wellbeing (Ben-Zur and Michael 2016).”
Background
Smartphone proficiency and use, loneliness, and ego integrity: an examination of older adult smartphone users in South Korea
Kim, K.-S., Park, S., & Kang, H.-C. (2020) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2020.1713213 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Financial and Academic Implications of Using Smartphones Among Students: A Quantitative Study
Chukwuere, J. E., Mbukanma, I., & Enwereji, P. C. (2017) · Journal of economics and economic education research · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), Risk of Drowning, and Water Safety Perceptions of Adult Caregivers/Parents
Moran, K., Webber, J., & Stanley, T. (2018) · The Open Sports Sciences Journal · doi:10.2174/1875399x01811010050 · Cited by 10 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Additionally, according to PMT, negative information concerning risk factors can lead to unhealthy behaviours by increasing risk cognition (Moran, Webber, and Stanley 2018).”
Background
The Effects of MERS(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome) Event on the Psychosocial Wellbeing of Healthcare Workers and the Public with the Mediating Effect of Resilience
Kwon, H. M., Kim, T. H., Choi, M. R., Kim, B. J., Kim, H. W., Song, O. S., & Eun, H. J. (2017) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Loneliness, Coping and Wellbeing Following Marital Loss and Separation: An Empirical Study
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“…consistent with theoretical opinions (e.g. Armitage and Nellums 2020; Okruszek et al. 2020) concerning the outcomes of a fear of COVID-19 and previous research (e.g. Ben-Zur and Michael 2016; Gavin et al. 2020) and provide an integrated view of the associations between the investigated variables.”
Background
The Relationship between Perceived Smartphone Addiction and Physical and Mental Health in Female College Students
Oh, Y. J., & Kim, H. D. (2020) · Journal of the Korean Society of School Health · doi:10.15434/kssh.2020.33.1.48 · Cited by 4 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…although smartphones make lives easier when used functionally (Fino and Mazzetti 2019; Gavali et al. 2017), when used excessively, smartphone use may disrupt both physical andmental health among a small minority of individuals (Lapointe, Boudreau-Pinsonneault, and Vaghefi 2013; Oh and Kim 2020).”
Background
Untitled work
Barbero (2014) · doi:10.1016/j · Cited by 1 · see citing works

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Akta ş , H., and N. Y ı lmaz. 2017. ' Smartphone Addiction in Terms of the Elements of Loneliness and Shyness of University Youth. ' International Journal of Social Sciences and Education Research 3 (1): 85 -100. doi:10.24289/ijsser. 283590. · DOI
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Sorted by citations

One is the loneliest number… Two can be as bad as one. The influence of AI Friendship Apps on users' well‐being and addiction
Marriott, H. R., & Pitardi, V. (2023) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21899 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“For instance, loneliness is associated with higher levels of reliance on smartphones (Kayis et al., 2022) or dating apps (Coduto et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The role of loneliness and aggression on smartphone addiction among university students
Yılmaz, F. G. K., Avcı, Ü., & Yılmaz, R. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03018-w · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The Relationship between Short Video Flow, Addiction, Serendipity, and Achievement Motivation among Chinese Vocational School Students: The Post-Epidemic Era Context
Nong, W., He, Z., Ye, J., Wu, Y.-F., Wu, Y.-T., Ye, J.-N., & Sun, Y. (2023) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare11040462 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“As such, the behavioral problems triggered during the COVID‐19 pandemic may have had a very undesirable influence on the mental health of some individuals [14].”
Background
The association between fear of Covid-19 and smartphone addiction among individuals: the mediating and moderating role of cyberchondria severity
Faruk Caner, Y. A. M., Korkmaz, O., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02324-z · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Influence of smartphone addiction on sleep quality of college students: The regulatory effect of physical exercise behavior
Zhu, W., Liu, J., Lou, H., Mu, F.-Z., & Li, B. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0307162 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Exploring the relationship between social exclusion and smartphone addiction: The mediating roles of loneliness and self-control
Yue, H., Yue, X., Zhang, X., Liu, B., & Bao, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.945631 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“This finding was consistent with the previous studies which demonstrated that loneliness is a risk factor for smartphone addiction (Enez Darcin et al., 2016; Mahapatra, 2019; Kayis et al., 2021).”
Result
Rethinking classifications and metrics for problematic smartphone use and dependence: Addressing the call for reassessment
Nawaz, S. (2023) · Computers in Human Behavior Reports · doi:10.1016/j.chbr.2023.100327 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Associations Between Behavioral Addictions and Mental Health Concerns During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Alimoradi, Z., Broström, A., Potenza, M. N., Lin, C., & Pakpour, A. H. (2024) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-024-00555-1 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Smartphone addiction risk, technology-related behaviors and attitudes, and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic
Popescu, A. M., Balica, R.-Ș., Lazăr, E., Bușu, V. O., & Vașcu, J.-E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.997253 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Understanding older adults’ smartphone addiction in the digital age: empirical evidence from China
Xu, Y., Zeng, K., Dong, L., Zheng, X., & Si, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1136494 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Studies have shown that declining subjective cognitive ability in older adults leads to memory loss, gradual detachment from those around them, and a gradual sense of not being cared for, which enhances their sense of loneliness (64), resulting in a sense of alienation (91, 94).”
Background
COVID-19 Victimization Experience and College Students’ Mobile Phone Addiction: A Moderated Mediation Effect of Future Anxiety and Mindfulness
Chen, L., Li, J., & Huang, J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19137578 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“[10] conducted a questionnaire survey among 773 adults and determined that the fear of COVID-19 had a significant positive predictive effect on mobile phone addiction.”
Background
Examining COVID-19 related occupational stress in teachers in Ireland through a qualitative study using a thematic analysis approach
Minihan, E., Begley, A., Martin, A. J., Dunleavy, M., Gavin, B. E., & McNicholas, F. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2022.100183 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Literature suggests fear of COVID-19 infection was significantly positively correlated with loneliness and was negatively correlated with mental wellbeing (Kayis et al., 2021).”
Background
Influence of smartphone use motives on smartphone addiction during the COVID-19 epidemic in China: the moderating effect of age
Wen, F., Ding, Y., Yang, P., Ma, S., Zhu, J., Xiao, H., & Zuo, B. (2022) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-03355-w · Cited by 26 · see citing works
COVID-19-related fears, stress and depression in adolescents: The role of loneliness and relational closeness to online friends
Boursier, V., Gioia, F., Musetti, A., & Schimmenti, A. (2023) · Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment · doi:10.1080/10911359.2022.2059605 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Specifically, it has been observed that fears of COVID-19 significantly predicted loneliness, increasing individuals’ sense of helplessness and affecting the emotional and social domains (Kayis et al., 2021; Monterrosa-Blanco et al., 2021).”
Background
A systematic review of prevention and intervention strategies for smartphone addiction in students: Applicability during the covid-19 pandemic
Liu, X.-X. L. (2021) · Journal of Evidence-Based Psychotherapies · doi:10.24193/jebp.2021.2.9 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Travel behaviour prediction amid covid-19 underlaying situational awareness theory and health belief model
Naseer, K., Qazi, J., Qazi, A., Avuglah, B. K., Tahir, R., Rasheed, R. A., Khan, S. K., Khan, B. A., Zeeshan, M., Humayun, M. A., et al. (2021) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2021.1984579 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“…given that the infection situation seems un-abated (World Health Organization 2020b), coupled with the fact that the unprecedented nature and uncertainties surrounding the lockdown has severely a ff ected the daily mental wellbeing of the people, leading to increased stress (Kayis et al. 2021).”
How to Cope with Loneliness during the COVID-19 Pandemic? Perspectives of Confucianism, Daoism, and Buddhism
Ding, X., Shang, B., & Yu, F. (2022) · Religions · doi:10.3390/rel13111085 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
COVID-19-Related Self-Stigma, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Insomnia, and Smartphone Addiction Among Frontline Government Workers with COVID-19 Pandemic Control Duties
Huang, P., Hung, C., Chen, G., Cashin, C., Griffiths, M. D., Yang, W., Wang, H., Lin, C., & Ko, N. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s383842 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Smartphone use provides a temporary escape and psychological support 28 for individuals to cope with psychological stress 25,26,61 and avoiding negative emotion.”
Self-citation
The association between nomophobia and loneliness among the general population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Hussien, R. M. (2022) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-022-00235-8 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“[53], discovered a low but significant link between loneliness and smartphone addiction.”
Background
Developing Fırat Nomophobia Scale and investigating its psychometric properties.
Kanbay, Y., Akçam, A., Özbay, S. Ç., Özbay, Ö., & Fırat, M. (2022) · Perspectives in psychiatric care · doi:10.1111/ppc.13090 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The association between autistic traits and excessive smartphone use in Chinese college students: The chain mediating roles of social interaction anxiety and loneliness
Lu, M., Pang, F., Wang, R., Liu, Y., & Peng, T. (2022) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2022.104369 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Smartphone addiction and psychological wellbeing among adolescents: the multiple mediating roles of academic procrastination and school burnout
Kaya, B. (2024) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2024.2304208 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Previous studies have reported negative associations of SPA with mental well-being (Kayis et al., 2022), life satisfaction (Bakio ğ lu et al., 2022), and subjective wellbeing (Koç & Turan, 2021; Li et al., 2021).”
Consumers’ smartphone addiction: Impact of engagement and app type on wellbeing
Moriuchi, E., Hollebeek, L. D., & Lim, W. M. (2025) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2025.115379 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The effect of mobile phone addiction on perceived stress and mediating role of ruminations: Evidence from Chinese and Czech university students
Liu, H., Novotný, J., & Váchová, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1057544 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Based on this, we hypothesize that the Covid-19 pandemic did not directly affect the observed relationships between the variables but rather accentuated the inter-individual differences between students depending on the availability of coping resources (Al Qudah et al., 2021; Kayis et al., 2021; Kovács et al., 2021).”
Background
Smartphone Addiction Among University Students’ During the Post-COVID-19 Era: The Role of Emotional Intelligence and Future Anxiety
Zhang, H.-X. (2023) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2023.0021 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
The Mental Well-Being of Health Care Professionals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ariza‐Montes, A., Mahmood, F., Han, H., & Saleem, M. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1097/jom.0000000000002470 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Likewise, people can feel alone due to isolation that can cause emotional problems for few individuals.(51) According to this theoretical background, the present study argues that exposure to COVID-19 due to job and physical contact with people, workload due to COVID-19, information on the preservation of COVID-19, PP…”
Background
The Impact of Undergraduates’ Social Isolation on Smartphone Addiction: The Roles of Academic Anxiety and Social Media Use
Zeng, Y., Zhang, J., Wei, J., & Li, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192315903 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Furthermore, the operational connotations of social isolation in this study include loneliness at the subjective level, and many studies have confirmed that loneliness caused by COVID-19 restrictions is an important factor of smartphone addiction [71,72].”
Background
Relationship between Helicopter Parenting and Chinese Elementary School Child Procrastination: A Mediated Moderation Model
Zhang, R., Zhang, H., Guo, X., Wang, J., Zhao, Z., & Feng, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192214892 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“In addition to the positive effects of smartphone use during the pandemic, smartphone addiction or overuse has also increased [41].”
Background
Variables Linked to Academic Stress Related to the Psychological Well-Being of College Students Inside and Outside the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Aitken, H. G. W., Rabanal-León, H. C., Saldaña-Bocanegra, J. C., Yuncor, N. R. C., & Rondon-Eusebio, R. F. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14070739 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
How to cope with the negative health information avoidance behavior in a pandemic: the role of resilience
Liu, J., He, L., Wang, S., He, Y., & Zhu, L. (2024) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2024.2314746 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Associations between Fear of COVID-19, Depression, and Internet Addiction in South Korean Adults
Lee, J. J., & Lee, J. J. (2022) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare10050861 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These findings correspond with a study reporting that Internet addiction is associated with COVID-19 fear [8,39] and depression [13,36].”
BackgroundInfluential
Fear of COVID-19, prolonged smartphone use, sleep disturbances, and depression in the time of COVID-19: A nation-wide survey
Li, G., Liu, H., Qiu, C., & Tang, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.971800 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The influence of age on the relationship between future anxiety, loneliness, and quality of life: evidence from a sample of 5409 individuals in the general population in Italy
Jannini, T. B., Mordacchini, I., Rossi, R., Socci, V., & Lorenzo, G. D. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06517-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“…with apprehensions about uncertainties or impending disasters often engage in avoidance strategies concerning potential negative future events or activities, leading to heightened levels of social isolation (Di Lorenzo et al., 2020; Jannini et al., 2023a; Kayis et al., 2022; Mahoney et al., 2016).”
Neuroticism and fear of COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic: Testing the mediating role of intolerance of uncertainty and sense of control among Chinese high school students
Zhang, D., Fan, M., Meng, L., & Zheng, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010767 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“, 2021), as well as Internet addiction (Kayis et al., 2021; Servidio et al., 2021) and cyberchondria (Wu et al.”
Background
Effects of Cell Phone Dependence on Mental Health Among College Students During the Pandemic of COVID-19: A Cross-Sectional Survey of a Medical University in Shanghai
Xu, T., Sun, X., Jiang, P., Chen, M., Yue, Y., & Dong, E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.920899 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Though no evidence was present to show that the COVID-19 pandemic directly altered the relationship between CPD and mental health, some studies had found the mediating and moderating role of cyberchondria severity in the association between fear of COVID-19 and smartphone addiction among individuals (Kayis et al., 202…”
Background
Telemedicine’s future in the post-Covid-19 era, benefits, and challenges: a mixed-method cross-sectional study
Elkefi, S., & Layeb, S. B. (2022) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2022.2137060 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“It has altered the society, economy, and health-care systems of all the countries in the world (Kayis et al. 2021; Rao et al. 2020).”
Background
Hypocrisy is the tribute that vice pays to virtue: Dynamics of perceived organization hypocrisy and job embeddedness in the hospitality industry
Zeb, F., Wang, Q., & Shahjehan, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1036320 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
BİREYLERİN DİJİTAL BAĞIMLILIKLARI İLE YALNIZLIK DÜZEYLERİ ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN İNCELENMESİ: BİR META-ANALİZ ÇALIŞMASI
Seki, T., & Kurnaz, M. F. (2021) · Atatürk Üniversitesi Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.33418/ataunikkefd.991723 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
İnternet Bağımlılığı, Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve Psikolojik İyi Oluş: Yalnızlığın Aracı Rolü
TOPAL, N., Odacı, H., & ÖZER, Ş. (2023) · Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17152/gefad.1140695 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dominance or Integration? Influence of Sexual Dimorphism and Clothing Color on Judgments of Male and Female Targets' Attractiveness, Warmth, and Competence
Wen, F., Qiao, Y., Zuo, B., Ye, H., Ding, Y., Wang, Q., & Ma, S. (2022) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-021-02283-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“, 2018a, 2018b), which matches people's emotional needs during the epidemic period (Hosen et al., 2021; Kayis et al., 2021).”
Background
General psychiatric symptoms among Bangladeshi people approximately one year after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic
Banik, R., Islam, M. S., Ahmed, M., Koly, K. N., Mubarak, M., Rahman, M., Zhai, Z. W., Sikder, M. T., & Potenza, M. N. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04232-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Negative emotions mediate the association between the topology of the complex brain network and smartphone use disorder: A resting-state EEG study
Yin, Y., Li, X., Lau, J. T. F., Nan, S., Ouyang, M., Cai, X. H., & Wang, P. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2023.00077 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Smartphone use disorder, characterized by a strong desire to use a smartphone and restlessness when unable to access it (Kayis, Satici, Deniz, Satici, & Grif ﬁ ths, 2021; Montag, Wegmann, Sariyska, Demetrovics, & Brand, 2021), has become a common problem in today ’ s society.”
Background
Evaluation of factors strongly associated with nomophobia using structural equation modelling: A cross-sectional study.
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“For example, several studies have demonstrated that the fear of COVID-19 is negatively related to poor mental health (Belen, 2022; Duong, 2021; Kayis et al., 2021; Khattak et al., 2020; Khudaykulov et al., 2022; Mauer et al., 2022; Peker & Cengiz, 2021; Suhail et al., 2022; Vilca et al., 2022;…”
Predictors of Change in Children’s Internalising and Externalising Behaviour Before and During the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown in the UK and Turkey: A Cross-cultural ExaminationPreprint
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Associations of Fear of COVID-19 and Depression with Internet Addiction in Korean Adults: A Cross-sectional Online Study (Preprint)Preprint
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Internalising and Externalising Symptoms Before and During the Initial COVID-19 Lockdown in the UK and Turkey: A Cross-cultural ExaminationPreprint
Morgül, E., Kallitsoglou, A., & Essau, C. A. (2021) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1184183/v1
“Together with research that shows that worry of COVID-19 infection is related to poor psychological wellbeing (Fitzpatrick et al., 2020; Kayis et al., 2021; Satici et al., 2020a) our ndings propose that public health strategies should aim to reduce worry and social panic in the face of imminent crisis.”
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Humanizing Chatbots: The Effect of Fear from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Dinh, C.-M., & Park, S. S. (2022) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05728-1_4
IMPACT OF FEAR OF COVID – 19 ON SMARTPHONE ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS (ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND STRESS) AMONG YOUNG ADULTS
Bukhari, S. R., Riaz, K., Tabassum, S., & Nisar, A. (2021) · Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews · doi:10.18510/hssr.2021.93172
“Fears connected with the Pandemic have shown a new mental impact of the present Pandemic and are related to mental pain and debilitation (Kayis et al., 2021).”
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Factors affecting phubbing of students in the context of COVID-19
Duc, A., & Nguyen, T. D. (2022) · Tay Nguyen Journal of Science · doi:10.31276/vmostjossh.64(3).27-36
La relación entre el uso problemático del smartphone y la soledad: un meta-análisis
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قدرة القلق والاكتئاب واضطراب ما بعد الصدمة على التنبؤ بإدمان مواقع التواصل الاجتماعي لدى طلبة الجامعة في ظل جائحة كورونا
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Unmasking Smartphone Addiction: How Loneliness Mediates between Social Anxiety Disorder and Depression
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The relationship between COVID-19 phobia and cyberchondria with psychological well-being of health sciences students in the COVID-19 pandemic
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Fear of COVID-19 and inmates’ the sense of loneliness
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Musical Habits and Smartphone Addiction of College Students: Mediating Role of Self-Control
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“…in personal life, health, cognitive performance, and workplace performance ( see for example, Charoensukmongkol, 2016; Chidambaram et al., 2022; Geng et al., 2021; Kayis et al., 2021; Chandrasekaran et al., 2019; Nongpong & Charoensukmongkol, 2016; Shahjehan et al., 2021; Zhao et al., 2021 ).”
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The Generation-Based Effects of the Fear of COVID-19 on Deluxe Hotel Employees’ Responses
Jung, H. S., Hwang, Y. H., Jung, Y. S., & Yoon, H. H. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16229674
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“Kayis et al. [43] similarly reported that fear of COVID-19 predicted poorer mental well-being, with loneliness operating as a mediating factor.”

Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Well-being: Important Role of Loneliness and Fear of COVID-19: Evidence from Higher Educational Institutions
Shams Ur Rehman, R. U. (2021) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.4750644 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
IMPACT OF FEAR OF COVID – 19 ON SMARTPHONE ADDICTION AND MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS (ANXIETY, DEPRESSION, AND STRESS) AMONG YOUNG ADULTS
Bukhari, S. R., Riaz, K., Tabassum, S., & Nisar, A. (2021) · Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews · doi:10.18510/hssr.2021.93172
The association between fear of Covid-19 and smartphone addiction among individuals: the mediating and moderating role of cyberchondria severity
Faruk Caner, Y. A. M., Korkmaz, O., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-02324-z · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Self-citation
Intolerance of uncertainty and mental wellbeing: serial mediation by rumination and fear of COVID-19.
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Self-citation
Clarifying the Mediation Role of Social Media Addiction in the Association between COVID-19 Risk Perception and Mental Well-Being among General Population in Türkiye
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Authors: Kayis, A. R., Satici, B., Deniz, M. E., Satici, S. A., & Griffiths, M. D.
Affiliations: Department of Psychological Counselling, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
Department of Psychological Counselling, Artvin Coruh University, Artvin, Turkey
Yıldız Technical University (TR)
Nottingham Trent University (GB)
Corresponding author: Griffiths, Mark D.
ORCID: Deniz, M. Engin
Griffiths, Mark D.
Venue: Behaviour & Information Technology
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2021-05-26
Volume: 41
Issue: 11
Pages: 2484-2496
ISSN: 0144-929X (ISSN-L)
1362-3001
DOI: 10.1080/0144929x.2021.1933181
OpenAlex: W3164210675
Cited by: 104
References: 99
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 8
FWCI: 15.04
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Behaviour and Information Technology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Nottingham Trent University's Institutional Repository (Nottingham Trent Repository) (acceptedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
Social Sciences › Communication › Communication and COVID-19 Impact
Keywords: fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, psychological well-being, serial mediation, psychological impact of COVID-19

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Fear of COVID-19, loneliness, smartphone addiction, and mental wellbeing among the Turkish general population: a serial mediation model

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