Big Five traits as predictors of perceived stressfulness of the COVID-19 pandemic
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This study examined the Big Five personality traits as predictors of individual differences and changes in the perceived stressfulness of the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany between early April 2020 and early September 2020. This timeframe includes the first national “lockdown,” the period of “easing” of restrictions, and the summer vacation period. Data were collected from n = 588 full-time employees, who provided baseline data on their personality traits in early December 2019, and then later provided data on perceived stressfulness of the COVID-19 pandemic at five time points, spanning six months. Consistent with expectations based on event and transition theories, results showed that, on average, perceived stressfulness declined between early April 2020 and early September 2020. Moreover, this effect was stronger between early April 2020 and early July 2020. Hypotheses based on the differential reactivity model of personality and stress were partially supported. Emotional stability was associated with lower, and extraversion associated with higher, average levels of perceived stressfulness. Finally, extraversion was associated with increases (i.e., positive trajectories) in perceived stressfulness between early April 2020 and early July 2020 and decreases (i.e., negative trajectories) in perceived stressfulness between early July 2020 and early September 2020.
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Evidence is provided that heightened extraversion can be a burden under certain conditions such as the social restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic.
“In line with previous studies, evidence is provided that heightened extraversion can be a burden under certain conditions such as the social restrictions of the COVID-19 pandemic (Alt et al., 2021; Wijngaards et al., 2020; Zacher & Rudolph, 2021).”
From Adolescent Loneliness and Negative Affect during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Extraversion and Neuroticism (2023) · cites this paper as Zacher & Rudolph, 2021
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- Authors
- Zacher, H., & Rudolph, C. W.
- Affiliations
- Leipzig University (DE)
- Saint Louis University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zacher, Hannes
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-06
- Volume
- 175
- Pages
- 110694
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7843115
- OpenAlex
- W3121868589
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 16
- FWCI
- 15.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Volkswagen Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- Big Five personality traits, COVID-19 pandemic, lockdown, emotional stability, extraversion, individual differences, full-time employees, stress trajectories
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