Vulnerable narcissism is related to the fear of being laughed at and to the joy of laughing at others.
Open accessPublished version of a preprint
Abstract
Vulnerable narcissism is associated to the fear of criticism and rejection; however, to date no investigation assessed its relations to the dispositions towards ridicule and laughter, which is scrutinized in the current paper. The dispositions towards ridicule and laughter could be conceptualized as three distinct types of humor personalities: gelotophobia (fear of being laughed at), gelotophilia (the joy of being laughed at), and katagelasticism (joy of laughing at others). We expected that according to the complex structure of vulnerable narcissism, it would be positively related to gelotophobia and katagelasticsism, reflecting neurotic withdrawal on the one hand, and antagonistic orientation towards people on the other. The results supported our hypotheses, providing further evidence to the complex structure of vulnerable narcissism.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Vulnerable narcissism is associated with fear of being taunted (gelotophobia), leading to social retraction and isolation, and with joy of making fun of others (katagelasticism), emphasizing more antagonistic attitudes.
“Vulnerable narcissism has been associated both with the fear of being taunted (gelotophobia) (leading to social retraction and isolation) (38), and with to the joy of making fun of others (katagelasticism) (emphasizing more antagonistic attitudes) (39, 40).”
From The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The Discussion (section 4) reports associations of vulnerable narcissism with both gelotophobia and katagelasticism, linking the former to isolation and the latter to antagonistic attitudes. It describes isolation as strongly related to gelotophobia, but says the fear *might* explain withdrawal; the claim’s “leading to” states that causal link more firmly than the paper does. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Statistical power analyses using G∗Power 3.1: tests for correlation and regression analyses
Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Buchner, A., & Lang, A.-G. (2009) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/brm.41.4.1149 · Cited by 37,615 · see citing works
The psychology of humor: an integrative approach
Martin, R. A., & Ford, T. E. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-2902 · Cited by 1,680 · see citing works
Cain, N. M., Pincus, A. L., & Ansell, E. B. (2008) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2007.09.006 · Cited by 876 · see citing works
Assessing Hypersensitive Narcissism: A Reexamination of Murray's Narcism Scale
Hendin, H. M., & Cheek, J. M. (1997) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1006/jrpe.1997.2204 · Cited by 851 · see citing works
The Narcissism Spectrum Model: A Synthetic View of Narcissistic Personality
Krizan, Z., & Herlache, A. D. (2018) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868316685018 · Cited by 807 · see citing works
The Social Psychology of Humor
Martin, R. A. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012372564-6/50024-1 · Cited by 606 · see citing works
Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Diagnostic and clinical challenges
Caligor, E., Levy, K. N., & Yeomans, F. E. (2015) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060723 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Vulnerable Narcissism Is (Mostly) a Disorder of Neuroticism
Miller, J. D., Lynam, D. R., Vize, C., Crowe, M., Sleep, C., Maples‐Keller, J. L., Few, L. R., & Campbell, W. K. (2018) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12303 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
Rogoza, R., Żemojtel-Piotrowska, M. A., Kwiatkowska, M. M., & Kwiatkowska, K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00343 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Extending the study of gelotophobia: On gelotophiles and katagelasticists
Ruch, W., & Proyer, R. T. (2009) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humr.2009.009 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Issues resolved and unresolved in pathological narcissism
Wright, A. G. C., & Edershile, E. A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.10.001 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The state-of-the art in gelotophobia research: A review and some theoretical extensions
Ruch, W., Hofmann, J., Platt, T., & Proyer, R. T. (2013) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2013-0046 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Zajenkowski, M., & Szymaniak, K. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-0147-1 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Rogoza, R., Cieciuch, J., & Strus, W. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104167 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Shame behind the corner? A daily diary investigation of pathological narcissism
Sarno, M. D., Zimmermann, J., Madeddu, F., Casini, E., & Pierro, R. D. (2020) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103924 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Tortoriello, G. K., Hart, W., Richardson, K., & Tullett, A. M. (2017) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.052 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Brauer, K., & Proyer, R. T. (2018) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2018.08.008 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Narcissistic Interpersonal Problems in Clinical Practice
Kealy, D., & Ogrodniczuk, J. S. (2011) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673229.2011.632604 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Brauer, K., Sendatzki, R., & Proyer, R. T. (2021) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12621 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Torres‐Marín, J., Navarro‐Carrillo, G., & Carretero‐Dios, H. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111281 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Gelotophobia: Life satisfaction and happiness across cultures
Proyer, R. T., Ruch, W., & Chen, G. (2012) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2012-0002 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Differential Relationships of Light and Darker Forms of Humor with Mindfulness
Hofmann, J., Heintz, S., Pang, D., & Ruch, W. (2019) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-018-9698-9 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Narcissus locked in the past: vulnerable narcissism and the negative views of the past.
Zajenkowski, M., Rogoza, R., Maciantowicz, O., Witowska, J., & Jonason, P. K. (2021) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2021.104123 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
How virtuous is humor? Evidence from everyday behavior
Beermann, U., & Ruch, W. (2009) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humr.2009.023 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Torres‐Marín, J., Proyer, R. T., López‐Benítez, R., Brauer, K., & Carretero‐Dios, H. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12563 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Hofmann, J., Ruch, W., Proyer, R. T., Platt, T., & Gander, F. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00714 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Brauer, K., Proyer, R. T., & Ruch, W. (2020) · Journal of Individual Differences · doi:10.1027/1614-0001/a000307 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Systematizing dark personality traits within broader models of personality
Rogoza, R., Kowalski, C. M., Saklofske, D. H., & Schermer, J. A. (2021) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2021.111343 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Parental attachment and cyberbullying victims: the mediation effect of gelotophobia
Canestrari, C., Arroyo, G. D. M., Carrieri, A., Muzi, M., & Fermani, A. (2021) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-021-01642-6 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Torres‐Marín, J., Proyer, R. T., López‐Benítez, R., & Carretero‐Dios, H. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00503-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Blasco‐Belled, A., Rogoza, R., Nadal, C. T., & Alsinet, C. (2019) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-019-00461-0 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Rogoza, R. (2023) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/b8nfv · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- a000307 · DOI · Paper page
- McGhee, P. E. (1996). Health, healing, and the amuse system. In Humor as Survival Training (2nd ed.). Dubuque: Kendall/Hunt Publishing.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The dark side of empathy in narcissistic personality disorder
di Giacomo, E., Andreini, E., Lorusso, O., & Clerici, M. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1074558 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Saladino, V., Cuzzocrea, F., Calaresi, D., Gullo, J., & Verrastro, V. (2024) · Social Sciences · doi:10.3390/socsci13050231 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
I feel smart today! A daily diary study on narcissism and self-assessed intelligence
Rogoza, R., Zajenkowski, M., Sarno, M. D., Flakus, M., Baran, L. N., Pierro, R. D., Krammer, G., Jauk, E., & Fatfouta, R. (2023) · European Journal of Personality · doi:10.1177/08902070231212313 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Jacobs, K. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.989171 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Rogoza, R. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112846 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Verrastro, V., Calaresi, D., Giordano, F., & Saladino, V. (2024) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe14100173 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Maftei, A. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01063-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The joke is on us? National narcissism and dispositions towards laughter
Szczepańska, D., Marchlewska, M., Rogoza, R., Podsiadłowski, W., Molenda, Z., Maciantowicz, O., Rogoza, M., & Klusek, D. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112543 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Uncovering the relationship between narcissism and identity formation
Walczak, D., Wiśniowska, K., Krakowska, J., Bocianowska, Z., Nogalski, S., & Rogoza, R. (2025) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2025.113208 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Too proud to doubt? The relationship between narcissism and intellectual humility
Zajenkowski, M., Bąk, W., Zeigler‐Hill, V., Górniak, J., Wojciechowski, J., & Stefanowicz, M. (2025) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2025.104670 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Pathological narcissism, psychic pain and sadistic tendencies: the mediating effect of ego strength
Khodarahimi, S., Ahmadi, F., Nemati, F., Khavasi, S., Bougar, M. R., & Mazraeh, N. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-05640-2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Humor styles and emotional manipulation: A person-centered perspective
Kokkinos, C. M., & Voulgaridou, I. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113775 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Do Narcissist Phubs or Get Phubbed? Analyzing the Role of Motivational Systems
Sudha, K. S., Shahnawaz, M. G., & Hasan, Z. (2024) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2024.2363538 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Personal Case Study of Vulnerable Narcissism:Being the Target of Mockery as a Child
Gilgun, J. F. (2024) · Tidsskrift for psykisk helsearbeid · doi:10.18261/tph.21.4.6
Bocianowska, Z., Woźniak, W., & Rogoza, R. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5995666
Bocianowska, Z., Woźniak, W., & Rogoza, R. (2026) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2026.113812
Davis, M. S. (2026) · doi:10.1017/9781108777636.009
Czajkowska-Łukasiewicz, K., & Zajenkowska, A. M. (2026) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2026.2686683
Czajkowska-Łukasiewicz, K., & Zajenkowska, A. M. (2026) · Humor - International Journal of Humor Research · doi:10.1515/humor-2025-0112
Wang, Q., Vivino, A. A., & Li, R. (2026) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-026-10226-1
- Authors
- Blasco-Belled, A., Rogoza, R., & Alsinet, C.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de Lleida (ES)
- Venue
- Personality and Individual Differences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-05
- Volume
- 190
- Pages
- 111536
- ISSN
- 0191-8869 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4210467436
- Cited by
- 20
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Personality and Individual Differences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Universitat de Girona Digital Repository (Universitat de Girona) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositori ObertUDL (University of Lleida) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fundacja na rzecz Nauki Polskiej
- Narodowym Centrum Nauki (2020/39/B/HS6/00052)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Humor Studies and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Keywords
- vulnerable narcissism, gelotophobia, gelotophilia, fear of being laughed at, social withdrawal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review