Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using toluidine blue on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei

Rodrigues, Ana Beatriz Furtado; Passos, Juliene Cristina da Silva; Costa, Maricilia Silva

doi:10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103600

Cited by 19Antifungal resistance and susceptibilityPhotodynamic Therapy Research StudiesBacterial biofilms and quorum sensing

Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using toluidine blue on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei

Rodrigues, Ana Beatriz Furtado, Passos, Juliene Cristina da Silva, Costa, Maricilia Silva·2023·Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy

DOI 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103600

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Abstract

Background Although Candida albicans is the most frequent etiological agent of candidiasis, it has been reported a sizable number of infections related to the non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, Candida krusei. In addition, dual biofilms (biofilms composed by two species) may easily occur in vivo, becoming even more challenging the treatment of an infection. The fungicide effect of Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), using toluidine blue O (TBO) on both C. albicans and C. krusei development has been demonstrated. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of PDT on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei.Methods The effect of PDT was observed on the metabolic activity of mature dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei by a metabolic assay based on the reduction of XTT (2,3-bis(2‑methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide sodium salt) assay and the identification of Candida albicans and Candida krusei was performed on CHROMagar Candida medium.Results it was observed a reduction of ∼30% in the metabolic activity of a mature biofilm treated with PDT, using 0.05 mg·mL-1 TBO and during biofilm formation a predominance of C. albicans on C. krusei was observed. The inhibition observed was related to reduction in the number of Colony Forming Units (CFU) of Candida albicans from 31.33 ± 3.7 to 17.0 ± 1.5. The number of CFU of C. krusei was not significantly modified.Conclusions These results demonstrated the efficiency of PDT in inhibiting the dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei by reducing C. albicans development.

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Biofilms act as protective barriers, significantly enhancing fungal resistance by shielding Candida species from conventional antifungal agents.
“Biofilms act as protective barriers, significantly enhancing fungal resistance by shielding Candida species from conventional antifungal agents [44, 45].”
From Statins as Antifungal Agents: A Review on Drug Repurposing and Nanotechnology-Driven Delivery Strategies (2025) · cites this paper as [45]

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Authors: Rodrigues, A. B. F., Passos, J. C. D. S., & Costa, M. S.
Affiliations: Universidade do Vale do Paraíba (BR)
ORCID: Rodrigues, Ana Beatriz Furtado
Passos, Juliene Cristina da Silva
Costa, Maricilia Silva
Venue: Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2023-06
Volume: 42
Pages: 103600
ISSN: 1572-1000 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103600
OpenAlex: W4372313618
Cited by: 19
References: 58
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3
FWCI: 3.91
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
Locations: Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Bacterial biofilms and quorum sensing
Keywords: antimicrobial photodynamic therapy, toluidine blue, dual-species biofilms, Candida albicans, Candida krusei, non-albicans Candida, candidiasis, biofilm inhibition, colony-forming units
MeSH terms: Anti-Infective Agents, Candida, Candida albicans, Photochemotherapy, Pichia, Tolonium Chloride, Photosensitizing Agents, Biofilms

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Effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy using toluidine blue on dual-species biofilms of Candida albicans and Candida krusei

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