Cognition, aging, and disabilities: conceptual issues
Open accessAbstract
This article reviews normative changes in cognition that are observed across the adult life span and considers how specific disabilities may interact with aging processes to increase functional decline in later life. Disabling conditions that directly affect the brain are contrasted with those that do not. The goal is twofold: to create a framework for thinking about how cognitive changes, aging, and disability may interact to help explain individual differences in coping, and to promote the inclusion of cognition in a comprehensive approach to assessment and care.
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At least some elements of cognitive decline evolve throughout adulthood.
“Lastly, it is worth noting that at least some elements of cognitive decline evolve throughout adulthood [195, 242-245].”
From The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives (2014) · cites this paper as [242]
Cognitive speed and multitasking abilities become less robust with advancing age.
“Cognitive speed and multitasking abilities, for example, become less robust with advancing age.”
From The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives (2014) · cites this paper as [242]
These cognitive changes typically manifest at ages younger than those at which plaque deposition typically begins.
“These changes typically manifest at ages younger than those at which plaque deposition typically begins.”
From The Alzheimer’s disease mitochondrial cascade hypothesis: progress and perspectives (2014) · cites this paper as [242]
Memory encoding, working memory, and processing speed decline with age; semantic knowledge and autobiographical memory tend to remain intact.
“Memory encoding, working memory (a component of executive function), and processing speed all decline with age. Although this decline probably proceeds throughout adulthood it truly becomes evident after the age of 60. Semantic knowledge and autobiographical memory, on the other hand, tend to remain intact.”
From Brain aging, Alzheimer's disease, and mitochondria (2011) · cites this paper as [16]
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- Authors
- Borson, S.
- Venue
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-05
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 375-382
- ISSN
- 1047-9651 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2876094
- OpenAlex
- W1971386566
- Cited by
- 85
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 2.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Public Health Service (H133B080024)
- National Institute on Aging (P50AG005136)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- cognitive aging, cognitive decline, disability, brain disorders, cognitive assessment, rehabilitation care
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Cognition Disorders, Disability Evaluation, Female, Persons with Disabilities, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Quality of Life, Task Performance and Analysis, Geriatric Assessment, Incidence, Sickness Impact Profile, Risk Assessment, Executive Function
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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