Cited by 375Treatment of Major DepressionNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorStress Responses and Cortisol

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 233 of the 233 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Animal models of major depression and their clinical implications

Czéh, Boldizsár, Fuchs, Eberhard, Wiborg, Ove, Simon, Mária·2016·Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry

DOI 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.04.004

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Major depressive disorder is a common, complex, and potentially life-threatening mental disorder that imposes a severe social and economic burden worldwide. Over the years, numerous animal models have been established to elucidate pathophysiology that underlies depression and to test novel antidepressant treatment strategies. Despite these substantial efforts, the animal models available currently are of limited utility for these purposes, probably because none of the models mimics this complex disorder fully. It is presumable that psychiatric illnesses, such as affective disorders, are related to the complexity of the human brain. Here, we summarize the animal models that are used most commonly for depression, and discuss their advantages and limitations. We discuss genetic models, including the recently developed optogenetic tools and the stress models, such as the social stress, chronic mild stress, learned helplessness, and early-life stress paradigms. Moreover, we summarize briefly the olfactory bulbectomy model, as well as models that are based on pharmacological manipulations and disruption of the circadian rhythm. Finally, we highlight common misinterpretations and often-neglected important issues in this field.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.04.004

Cites

233 of 233 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Construct validity in psychological tests.
Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/h0040957 · Cited by 11,195
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
Stress and the brain: from adaptation to disease
de Kloet, E. R., Joëls, M., & Holsboer, F. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1683 · Cited by 4,621
THE CATECHOLAMINE HYPOTHESIS OF AFFECTIVE DISORDERS: A REVIEW OF SUPPORTING EVIDENCE
Schildkraut, J. J. (1965) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.122.5.509 · Cited by 3,568
Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature
Kessler, R. C., Amminger, G. P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Alonso, J., Lee, S., & ??st??n, T. B. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32816ebc8c · Cited by 3,457
Burden of depressive disorders by country, sex, age, and year: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010
Ferrari, A. J., Charlson, F. J., Norman, R. E., Patten, S. B., Freedman, G., Murray, C. J. L., Vos, T., & Whiteford, H. A. (2013) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001547 · Cited by 3,115
The molecular neurobiology of depression
Krishnan, V., & Nestler, E. J. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07455 · Cited by 2,889
The Epidemiology of Depression Across Cultures
Kessler, R. C., & Bromet, E. J. (2013) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-031912-114409 · Cited by 2,657
Causal Relationship Between Stressful Life Events and the Onset of Major Depression
Kendler, K. S., Karkowski, L. M., & Prescott, C. A. (1999) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.156.6.837 · Cited by 2,566 · cited 1×
“The crucial role of psychosocial stress and chronic stress in general, at least in a subpopulation of patients with MDD (Kendler et al., 1999; Paykel, 2001), will encourage the development of behavioral stress models that reproduce the biobehavioral consequences of these factors.”
Background
Development of a Strain of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
OKAMOTO, K., & AOKI, K. (1963) · Japanese Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/jcj.27.282 · Cited by 2,545

Show all 233 references

Research works printed but not linked: 3

Barnett, 1964, Social stress. The concept of stress, vol. 3, 170
Crawley, J. (2007) (John Wiley and Sons Inc.: Hoboken, USA) 86–110.
van Riezen, 1976, Behavioural changes following olfactory bulbectomy in rats: a possible model for the detection of antidepressant drugs, Br J Pharmacol, 57, 426P

Sorted by citations

Items 201–300 of 374

Differential effect of chronic mild stress on anxiety and depressive-like behaviors in three strains of male and female laboratory mice
Medina-Saldivar, C., Cruz-Visalaya, S. R., Zevallos-Arias, A., Pardo, G. V. E., & Otalora, L. F. P. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114829 · Cited by 12
Evaluation of molecular brain changes associated with environmental stress in rodent models compared to human major depressive disorder: A proteomic systems approach
Cox, D. A., Gottschalk, M. G., Stelzhammer, V., Wesseling, H., Cooper, J. D., & Bahn, S. (2016) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622975.2016.1252465 · Cited by 12
“The development of a methodology which can quantify molecular similarity between preclinical models and MDD in this way is needed, as it is generally agreed that individual models are unlikely to mirror the full extent of the human disease (Cz eh et al. 2016).”
Method
Maternal separation increases later immobility during forced swim in guinea pig pups: evidence for sensitization of a depressive‐like state
Hennessy, M. B., Schreibeis, A. D., Schiml, P. A., & Terrence Deak, B. (2016) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21444 · Cited by 12
“The idea often promoted in the literature that immobility reflects something akin to despair, or represents a true animal model of depression, has come under considerable recent criticism (Czéh et al., 2016; Molendijk & de Kloet, 2015).”
Background
Susceptibility or resilience? Prenatal stress predisposes male rats to social subordination, but facilitates adaptation to subordinate status
Scott, K. A., de Kloet, A. D., Smeltzer, M. D., Krause, E. G., Flak, J. N., Melhorn, S. J., Foster, M. T., Tamashiro, K. L., & Sakai, R. R. (2017) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.006 · Cited by 11
“…often used naïve, or “normal,” rodents to model aspects of human illness and have proposed that more “sophisticated” models are necessary to tease out the mechanistic underpinnings of depressive disorders (Cryan and Holmes 2005, Blanchard et al. 2013, Stewart and Kalueff 2015, Czeh et al. 2016).”
Investigating the metabolic alterations in a depressive-like rat model of chronic forced swim stress: An in vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 7T
Yoo, C., Lim, S., Song, K.-H., Woo, D., & Choe, B. (2018) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2018.03.005 · Cited by 12
Antidepressant effects of ershiwei roudoukou pills and its active ingredient Macelignan: Multiple mechanisms involving oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and synaptic plasticity
Wang, Y., Chen, L., Zhong, X.-L., Liu, Q., Li, W., Cheng, Y., & Du, Y. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03378-4 · Cited by 13
Ryanodine receptors are involved in the improvement of depression-like behaviors through electroconvulsive shock in stressed mice
Nakamura‐Maruyama, E., Kai, R., Himi, N., Okabe, N., Narita, K., Miyazaki, T., Aoki, S., & Miyamoto, O. (2020) · Brain stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2020.11.001 · Cited by 11
“As an increased rate of body weight change is considered an index of resistance to stress [13], the depression levels among the groups were likely similar.”
BackgroundResult
Chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia in rats is coupled with the upregulation of inflammasome sensors: a possible involvement of NLRP1
Özkartal, C. Ş., Arıcıoğlu, F., Tüzün, E., & Küçükali, C. İ. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2018.1426694 · Cited by 12
A review of antidepressant and anxiolytic effects of Soyo-san (Xiaoyao-san) and modified Soyo-san in animal models
Kwon, T.-G., Kim, Y. J., Hong, J.-Y., Song, J.-H., & Park, J.-Y. (2024) · Phytomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155387 · Cited by 10
Transthyretin as a Biomarker to Predict and Monitor Major Depressive Disorder Identified by Whole-Genome Transcriptomic Analysis in Mouse Models
Yu, S., Chu, S. S.-T., Chien, M.-H., Kuo, P., Yang, P., & Su, K. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9091124 · Cited by 10
“They can be used to identify specific biomarkers for disease monitoring and support the development of novel antidepressant treatment strategies [18].”
Background
Circuit-wide proteomics profiling reveals brain region-specific protein signatures in the male WKY rats with endogenous depression
Liao, J., Mi, X., Zeng, G., Wei, Y., Dai, X., Ye, Q., Chen, X., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.09.086 · Cited by 9
MicroRNA Profiling in the Medial and Lateral Habenula of Rats Exposed to the Learned Helplessness Paradigm: Candidate Biomarkers for Susceptibility and Resilience to Inescapable Shock
Svenningsen, K., Venø, M. T., Henningsen, K., Mallien, A. S., Jensen, L., Christensen, T. T., Kjems, J., Vollmayr, B., & Wiborg, O. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160318 · Cited by 10
“The development of animal models with good translational value is one of the main strategies for increasing our knowledge into the patho-physiological background of depression [29].”
Self-citation
Zebrafish models of impulsivity and impulse control disorders
de Abreu, M. S., Giacomini, A. C. V. V., Genário, R., Fontana, B. D., Parker, M. O., Marcon, L., Scolari, N., Bueno, B. W., Demin, K. A., Galstyan, D. S., et al. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14893 · Cited by 10
Long-term effects of pre-gestational stress and perinatal venlafaxine treatment on neurobehavioral development of female offspring
Belovičová, K., Šimončičová, E., Viñas-Noguera, M., Dubovický, M., & Bögi, E. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112944 · Cited by 10
Ultrastructural features of psychological stress resilience in the brain: a microglial perspective
Ibáñez, F. G., VanderZwaag, J., Deslauriers, J., & Tremblay, M. (2024) · Open Biology · doi:10.1098/rsob.240079 · Cited by 11
MgSO4 alleviates hippocampal neuroinflammation and BBB damage to resist CMS-induced depression
Wang, Q., Hu, Y., Li, F., Hu, L., Zhang, Y., Qiao, Y., Tang, C., & Wang, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1470505 · Cited by 9
Artemisinin Alleviates Chronic Social Defeat Stress‐Induced Depressive‐Like Behavior by Inhibiting Neuroinflammation via the TLR4 / MyD88 / NF ‐ κB / NLRP3 Signaling Pathway
Wang, L., Li, H., Zhao, Y., Sun, X., Qian, M., Shao, F., Lin, L., Hu, W., Dai, L., & Bao, H. (2025) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.70106 · Cited by 9
“Depression-like animal models have improved our understanding of the disease and have played a key role in the development of antidepressants (Czéh et al. 2016).”
Depression-like state behavioural outputs may confer beneficial outcomes in risky environments
Vindas, M. A., Helland‐Riise, S. H., Nilsson, G., & Øyvind Øverli, A. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40390-3 · Cited by 9
Negative air ion exposure ameliorates depression-like behaviors induced by chronic mild stress in mice
Hu, Y., Niu, T.-T., Xu, J., Peng, L., Sun, Q., Huang, Y., Zhou, J., & Ding, Y. (2022) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-022-20144-x · Cited by 10
“The core depressive symptom of CMS model is decreased sucrose preference in rodents (Czeh et al., 2016; P. Willner, 2005), and it was con rmed in our CMS-treated mice.”
Background
Protective Effect of Schisandrin on CORT-Induced PC12 Depression Cell Model by Inhibiting Cell Apoptosis In Vitro
Yang, L., Wang, Y., An, L., Zhang, X., Wang, J., Wang, Y., Cheng, R., Li, C., & Ma, W. (2022) · Applied Bionics and Biomechanics · doi:10.1155/2022/6113352 · Cited by 9
“CORT is an important hormone at the end of the HPA axis, and its abnormal increase can lead to depressive characteristics [8].”
Background
Retracted
The touchscreen operant platform for assessing cognitive functions in a rat model of depression
Tran, T. P., Christensen, H. L., Bertelsen, F., Bouzinova, E. V., Møller, A., & Wiborg, O. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.032 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
Sex bias in the serotonin transporter knockout model: Implications for neuropsychiatric disorder research
Thorne, B. N., Ellenbroek, B. A., & Day, D. J. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104547 · Cited by 9
Escitalopram alters the hypothalamic OX system but does not affect its up-regulation induced by early-life stress in adult rats.
Gołyszny, M. J., Zielinski, M. W., Paul-Samojedny, M., Filipczyk, Ł., Pałasz, A., & Obuchowicz, E. (2022) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2022.02.005 · Cited by 9
A single dose of ketamine cannot prevent protracted stress-induced anhedonia and neuroinflammation in rats
Moraga-Amaro, R., Guerrin, C., Nazario, L. R., Giacobbo, B. L., Dierckx, R., Stehberg, J., de Vries, E. D., & Doorduin, J. (2022) · Stress · doi:10.1080/10253890.2022.2045269 · Cited by 8
“The repeated social defeat (RSD) model is a commonly used animal model that induces symptoms that resemble features of depression with high ethological, face, construct, and predictive validity; it induces rapid depressive-like behavior in rodents (Cz�eh et al., 2016).”
Background
Characterization of [123I]FP‐CIT binding to the dopamine transporter in the striatum of tree shrews by quantitative in vitro autoradiography
Geisler, S., Beindorff, N., Cremer, M., Hoffmann, K., Brenner, W., Cumming, P. D., Meyer, P. T., Langen, K., Fuchs, E., & Buchert, R. (2015) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.21838 · Cited by 9
“…years evidence has accumulated that chronic psychosocial stress in male tree shrew represents a natural and valid paradigm for studying the behavioral, endocrine, and neurobiological changes that may underlie human stress-related disorders, such as depression (Czeh et al., 2015; Fuchs, 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Vortioxetine ameliorates anhedonic-like behaviour and promotes strategic cognitive performance in a rodent touchscreen task
Martis, L., Højgaard, K., Holmes, M. C., Elfving, B., & Wiborg, O. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88462-7 · Cited by 9
Self-citation
A novel construct of anhedonia revealed in a Chinese sample via the Revised Physical and Social Anhedonia Scales
Wu, Q., He, J., Fang, S., Zhang, P., Luo, X., Zhang, J., Xiong, Y., Luo, F., Wang, X., Yao, S., et al. (2020) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-020-02900-w · Cited by 8
“However, animal behavioral experiments in depression [64, 65] and schizophrenia [66, 67] models suggested that physical anhedonia has more than one dimension.”
Background
Unravelling the Link between Psychological Distress and Liver Disease: Insights from an Anxiety-like Rat Model and Metabolomics Analysis
Liu, B., Zhang, S., Sun, L., Huang, L., Zhang, R., Liu, Z., & An, L. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241713356 · Cited by 8
“The sucrose preference rate was calculated from the ratio of the quantity of sucrose solution consumed to the quantity of total consumption of fluids [53].”
Method
Histone 3 Trimethylation Patterns are Associated with Resilience or Stress Susceptibility in a Rat Model of Major Depression Disorder
Santos¹, L. F. D. S., Behrens, L. M. P., Barbosa, C. P., Ribeiro, C. T., da Rosa, H. T., Somensi, N., Brum, P. O., Silveira, A. K., Rodrigues, M. S., de Oliveira, J., et al. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-03912-3 · Cited by 10
Sex differences in behavioral and neural responses induced by witnessing social defeat stress during adolescence or adulthood in mice
Canto‐de‐Souza, L., Baptista‐de‐Souza, D., Thiele, M., Garcia, V. L., Silva, K. C., de Souza, F. V., Crestani, C. C., & Nunes‐de‐Souza, R. L. (2025) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2025.111313 · Cited by 9
Environmental and genetic risk factors of depression converge on neuronal dysfunction driven by changes in cholesterol homeostasis
Oberst, P., Xu, N., Munguba, H., Zhang, C., Zhong, A., Zhou, T., Liston, C. M., Levitz, J., & Studer, L. (2025) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2025.08.011 · Cited by 8
Social environment enrichment alleviates anxiety-like behavior in mice: Involvement of the dopamine system
Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Tian, Y., Li, Y., Han, J., Tai, F., & Jia, R. (2023) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114687 · Cited by 10
Assessment of the anxiolytic, antidepressant, and antioxidant potential of Parquetina nigrescens (Afzel.) Bullock in Wistar rats
Akinduko, A., Salawu, S. O., Akinmoladun, A. C., Akindahunsi, A. A., & Osemwegie, O. O. (2023) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2023.117597 · Cited by 10
Neuropharmacological characteristics of antidepressant action of a new 3-substituted thietane-1,1-dioxide derivative
Никитина, И. Л., & Gaisina, G. G. (2021) · Research Results in Pharmacology · doi:10.3897/rrpharmacology.7.68560 · Cited by 8
“…antidepressant agents is the reserpine test, which evaluates the effect of the test compounds on noradrenergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic neurotransmission by their ability to reverse reserpine-induced symptoms (hypothermia, ptosis, akinesia) (Czéh et al. 2016; Raupp-Barcaro et al. 2018).”
Background
Reorganization of Brain Networks as a Substrate of Resilience: An Analysis of Cytochrome c Oxidase Activity in Rats
Begega, A., Cuesta‐López, I., Cuesta, M., Jove, C. I., Moreno‐Fernández, R. D., & López, M. (2023) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2023.01.012 · Cited by 8
Chronic antidepressant-like effect of EMD386088, a partial 5-HT6 receptor agonist, in olfactory bulbectomy model may be connected with BDNF and/or CREB signalling pathway
Jastrzębska‐Więsek, M., Gdula‐Argasińska, J., Siwek, A., Partyka, A., Szewczyk, B., Kołaczkowski, M., & Wesołowska, A. (2018) · Pharmacological Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pharep.2018.05.009 · Cited by 8
An animal model of what? The case of spontaneously hypertensive rats
Panzenhagen, A. C., Bau, C. H. D., Grevet, E. H., & Rovaris, D. L. (2019) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2019.03.012 · Cited by 8
Dozing Off With Drosophila: The Effect of Disrupted Circadian Rhythms and Sleep Disturbance on Mortality, Mood, and Addiction
Lateef, R., Pokharel, B., & Shafin, T. N. (2023) · Neuroscience Insights · doi:10.1177/26331055231218698 · Cited by 7
“16 In this study, we hypothesized that circadian dysfunction (CD) and sleep disturbance (SD) will lead to measurable negative impacts on Drosophila melanogaster’s lifespan, increased propensity of flies to consume caffeine-containing food, and depression-like behaviors such as an impaired response…”
Background
Effects of voluntary or involuntary exercise in adolescent male rats exposed to chronic social isolation on cognition, behavior, and neurotrophic factors
Arslankiran, A., Açıkgöz, B., Demirtas, H., Dalkiran, B., Kıray, A., Aksu, İ., Kıray, M., & Dayı, A. (2025) · Biologia Futura · doi:10.1007/s42977-025-00250-w · Cited by 7
“Male rats are more sensitive to stress than female rats (Czéh et al. 2016); stress causes increased glucocorticoid receptor levels in male rats (Wilber et al. 2007).”
Antidepressant-like effects of Ashwagandha (Withania Somnifera) on chronic unpredictable mild stress-induced depression in adolescent rats
Gökdemir, G. Ş., Şeker, U., Baksi, N., Baylan, M., Demirtaş, B., & Gökdemir, M. T. (2025) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-025-06844-5 · Cited by 8
“With the CUMS model, it is possible to establish specific aspects of depression symptomatology such as anhe - donia, hopelessness and helplessness (Czéh et al. 2016; Willner 1997).”
Olfactory Bulbectomy Model of Depression Lowers Responding for Food in Male and Female Rats: The Modulating Role of Caloric Restriction and Response Requirement
Fattore, L., Amchová, P., Fadda, P., & Kučerová, J. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11092481 · Cited by 7
Impaired myelin ultrastructure is reversed by citalopram treatment in a mouse model for major depressive disorder
Israel‐Elgali, I., Pan, H., Oved, K., Pillar, N., Levy, G., Barak, B., Carneiro, A. M. D., Gurwitz, D., & Shomron, N. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.09.012 · Cited by 8
When Enough Is Enough: Decision Criteria for Moving a Known Drug into Clinical Testing for a New Indication in the Absence of Preclinical Efficacy Data
Pulley, J. M., Jerome, R. N., Zaleski, N. M., Shirey-Rice, J. K., Pruijssers, A. J. P., Lavieri, R. R., Chettiar, S. N., Naylor, H. M., Aronoff, D. M., Edwards, D. A., et al. (2017) · Assay and Drug Development Technologies · doi:10.1089/adt.2017.821 · Cited by 7
Psychoactive drug exposure during breastfeeding: a critical need for preclinical behavioral testing
Zucker, I. (2018) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-018-4873-0 · Cited by 7
Learned Helplessness Reveals a Population at Risk for Depressive-Like Behaviour After Myocardial Infarction in Mice
Bruns, B., Schmitz, T., Diemert, N., Schwale, C., Werhahn, S. M., Weyrauther, F., Gass, P., Vogt, M. A., Katus, H. A., Herzog, W., et al. (2019) · ESC Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ehf2.12440 · Cited by 7
“the Porsolt forced swim test, and the tail suspension test (despair), have to be distinguished from models that induce depressive-like behaviour.(15) Although behavioural tests may”
Background
Introduction
Fang, Y., & Mao, R. (2019) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-32-9271-0_1 · Cited by 6
Antidepressant activity of enicostemma littorale blume in shp2 (protein tyrosine phosphatase)-inhibited animal model of depression
Va, D., & Kuberapandian, D. (2016) · International Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.4103/2008-7802.191187 · Cited by 7
“As a systemic disease, depression studies look forward for successful animal models to understand the pathophysiology and to study the novel antidepressant strategies.[33,34]”
Chronic Mild Stress Increases the Expression of Genes Encoding Proinflammatory Cytokines in the Rat Brain
Stepanichev, M. Y., Peregud, D. I., Manolova, A. O., Lazareva, N. A., Onufriev, M. V., & Gulyaeva, N. V. (2018) · Biology Bulletin · doi:10.1134/s1062359018010107 · Cited by 6
“It is considered that chronic stress induced by various significant influences, first of all psychoemotional, results in the development of anxiety-depressive disorders (Cohen et al., 2015; Czeh et al., 2016).”
Strengthening Rigor and Reproducibility in Epigenome-Wide Association Studies of Social Exposures and Brain-Based Health Outcomes
McKenna, B. G., Lussier, A. A., Suderman, M. J., Walton, E., Simpkin, A. J., Hüls, A., & Dunn, E. C. (2025) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-024-00469-0 · Cited by 7
“Experimental animal models are prominent in psychoso - cial research [ 77–80 ] and can be more widely used in social epigenetics.”
Berberine Alleviates Chronic Restraint Stress‐Induced Depression‐Like Behavior by Modulating Gut Microbiota and SCFA Production in Mice
Ru, C., Song, A., Jiang, J., Qiaolongbatu, X., Wu, Z., Qian, F., Shen, S., Zhang, L., Wang, Z., Zhao, W., et al. (2025) · Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/bab.70043 · Cited by 9
“Persistent stress is thought to be a contributing factor to the progression and exacerbation of depressive conditions [34], and the chronic stress model remains the most widely used animal model for depression research [35].”
Prefrontal Cortex Dysfunction as a Precipitating Factor for Schizophrenia and Depression
Uliana, D. L., & Grace, A. A. (2026) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.70409 · Cited by 8
“…research, animal models used to study depression-related symptoms often employ stress, including physical, emotional, and psychosocial, as a precipitating factor, leading to behavioral and neurobiological dysfunction consistent with depression in humans (Czéh et al. 2016; Muir et al. 2018).”
Disrupted synapses: prefrontal cortex-reward circuit dysfunction in stress-induced depression-like behaviors
Mahmud, A., & Karaman, M. A. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2026.1843871 · Cited by 7
“…deficits including social avoidance, learning and cognitive impairments, learned helpless-ness, changes in appetite and body weight, disruptions in sleep and circadian rhythms, and altered self-care or grooming (Nestler and Hyman, 2010; Czéh et al., 2016; Wang et al., 2017; Mahmud et al., 2023).”
The protective effect of angiotensin II type I receptor blocker (valsartan) on behavioral impairment, NLRP3 , BDNF , and oxidative stress in the brain tissue of ovariectomized female rats
Erdem, S., ÖZAÇMAK, H. S., TURAN, İ., & ERGENÇ, M. (2024) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.70003 · Cited by 5
“The immobility periods are considered an indication of depression-like behavior (Abelaira et al., 2013; Czéh et al., 2016; Hu et al., 2020).”
Background
Consumo de alcohol en ratas adolescentes tratadas con reserpina y fluoxetina
Ruiz, P., Calliari, A. J., & Pautassi, R. M. (2017) · Suma Psicológica · doi:10.1016/j.sumpsi.2016.12.002 · Cited by 5
The effect of curcumin on reserpine-induced depression-like behaviour in rats
Dudau, L.-E., Moisă, E., Sevastre-Berghian, A., Moldovan, R., Decea, R. M., Donosa, M., Filip, G. A., & Stancu, B. (2023) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2023.111682 · Cited by 6
Label-free SERS detection of apolipoprotein A4 based on DNAzyme-driven molecular machine
Gong, Y., Yu, D., Cui, J., Song, Z., Tang, Q., Liao, X., Xin, N., & Gao, F. (2023) · Talanta · doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125131 · Cited by 6
The neural computation of affective internal states in the hypothalamus: A dynamical systems perspective
Nair, A., Vinograd, A., Liu, M., Mountoufaris, G., Linderman, S. W., & Anderson, D. J. (2025) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2025.11.003 · Cited by 7
A Tellurium-Based Small Immunomodulatory Molecule Ameliorates Depression-Like Behavior in Two Distinct Rat Models
Hagar, M., Gersner, R., Okun, E., Barnea‐Ygael, N., Abrham, Z., & Sredni, B. (2020) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-020-08603-5 · Cited by 5
Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress in Rats based on the Mongolian medicine
Xin, H., Su, S., Wu, R., Wei, L., Su, N., Qi, L., Wu, R., Ruhan, A., Tong, L., Wang, W., et al. (2023) · Journal of Visualized Experiments · doi:10.3791/65889 · Cited by 5
Metabolic effects of light deprivation in the prefrontal cortex of rats with depression-like behavior: In vivo proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7T
Yoo, C., Song, K.-H., Lim, S., Woo, D., & Choe, B. (2018) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.047 · Cited by 5
Changes in the Nature of Behavior and the Activity of the Hypophyseal-Adrenocortical System in the Offspring of Paternal Rats Subjected to Stress in the Stress–Restress Paradigm before Mating
Ordyan, N. E., Пивина, С. Г., Акулова, В. К., & Kholova, G. I. (2021) · Neuroscience and Behavioral Physiology · doi:10.1007/s11055-021-01100-7 · Cited by 5
Alteration of the α5 GABA receptor and 5HTT lead to cognitive deficits associated with major depressive-like behaviors in a 14-day combined stress rat model
Ngoupaye, G. T., Mokgokong, M., Madlala, T., & Mabandla, M. V. (2021) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207454.2021.2019033 · Cited by 5
“However, many of these models are laborious and time consuming, as seen in studies utilizing chronic mild stress, chronic unpredictable stress, learned helplessness and maternal deprivation [19,49].”
BackgroundResult
A diathesis-stress rat model induced suicide-implicated endophenotypes and prefrontal cortex abnormalities in the PKA and GABA receptor signaling pathways
Teng, T., Fan, L., Yan, W., Li, X., Zhang, Y., Xiang, Y., Jiang, Y., Yuan, K., Yin, B., Shi, L., et al. (2022) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110538 · Cited by 6
Blood Plasma Markers in Depressed Mice under Chronic Social Defeat Stress
Смагин, Д. А., Bezryadnov, D. V., Zavialova, M. G., Abramova, A. Y., Pertsov, S. S., & Kudryavtseva, N. N. (2024) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines12071485 · Cited by 5
Differential effects of clomipramine on depression-like behaviors induced by the chronic social defeat paradigm in tree shrews
Shen, F., Qi, K., Duan, Y., Li, Y., Liang, J., Meng, X., Li, M., & Sui, N. (2018) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/0269881118793560 · Cited by 5
Laser‐Induced Olfactory Bulbectomy in Adult Zebrafish as a Novel Putative Model for Affective Syndrome: A Research Tribute to Brian Leonard
Nekhoroshev, E. V., Kleshchev, M. A., Volgin, A. D., Shevlyakov, A. D., Bao, X., Wang, S., de Abreu, M. S., Amstislavskaya, T. G., & Kalueff, A. V. (2025) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16660 · Cited by 4
“Laboratory rodents, particularly mice and rats, have been the primary subjects in OBX research due to their genetic and physiological similarity to humans (Czéh et al. 2016).”
The Impact of Maternal Obesity and Deprivation On Energy Metabolism, Oxidative Stress and Brain Antioxidant Defense in the Neurodevelopment of Offspring in the Short, Medium and Long Term
Steiner, M. R., de Mello, A. H., Salla, D. H., Bressan, C. B. C., Mendes, R. L., de Oliveira, M. P., da Silva, L. E., Fernandes, B. B., Lima, I. R., Zaccaron, R. P., et al. (2025) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-025-05070-6 · Cited by 4
Antidepressant-Like Effects of Ceftriaxone in Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress Model in Rats: The Importance of Reuptake Time of Glutamate
Binnetoğlu, D., Arıcıoğlu, F., Özcan, H., Okkay, U., & Hacımüftüoğlu, A. (2019) · Clinical and Experimental Health Sciences · doi:10.33808/clinexphealthsci.613963 · Cited by 4
“Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) is considered to be one of the most extensively validated animal model of depression that meets good face, construct and predictive validity criteria (7-9).”
Background
Cognitive impairment in the offspring of male rats exposed to stress in “stress — restress” or “learned helplessness” paradigms: The role of insulin-like growth factor 2
Ordyan, N. E., Malysheva, O., Акулова, В. К., Kholova, G. I., & Пивина, С. Г. (2021) · Integrative Physiology · doi:10.33910/2687-1270-2021-2-1-61-70 · Cited by 4
“Такой режим электрокожной стимуляции создает неизбегаемость и неконтролируемость воздействия, в результате чего у животного формируется состояние «выученная беспомощность», характеризующееся рядом поведенческих и гормональных нарушений, воспроизводящих симптоматику депрессии у людей (Czén et al. 2016).”
Influential
Understanding early-life pain and its effects on adult human and animal emotionality: Translational lessons from rodent and zebrafish models
de Abreu, M. S., Giacomini, A. C. V. V., Genário, R., Demin, K. A., Amstislavskaya, T. G., Costa, F. V., Rosemberg, D. B., Sneddon, L. U., Strekalova, T. V., Soares, M. C., et al. (2021) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136382 · Cited by 4
Depression exacerbates myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice via CNR2 gene and MIF-AMPK signaling pathway
Qian, L., Zhang, S., Lin, C., Lin, J., & Li, Z. (2024) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2024.132505 · Cited by 4
Depressive Disorders
MacKinnon, D. F., & Chen, L. N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51366-5_20 · Cited by 5
Antidepressant-like effect of Albizia zygia root extract in murine models
Kumbol, V. W.-A., Abotsi, W. K. M., & Biney, R. P. (2020) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2019-0310 · Cited by 4
Stressful life events and passive behavioral patterns in women with major depressive disorder: a mixed method analysis nested in a clinical trial
Hemanny, C., Moura, I., Mello, M., Figueiredo, A. M., Demarzo, M., & de Oliveira, I. R. (2023) · Middle East Current Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s43045-023-00321-5 · Cited by 5
Acoustilytix™: A Web-Based Automated Ultrasonic Vocalization Scoring Platform
Ashley, C. B., Snyder, R. D., Shepherd, J. E., Cervantes, C., Mittal, N., Fleming, S. M., Bailey, J., Nievera, M. D., Souleimanova, S. I., Nyaoga, B. M., et al. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11070864 · Cited by 3
“Animal models allow direct measurement and manipulation of the neural circuitry that drives emotional processing, circuitry that often can only be inferred in human studies [1–5].”
Background
Critical period plasticity is associated with resilience to short unpredictable stress
Williams, R., van den Oord, C., Lee, E. N., Fedde, S. C., Oscherwitz, G. L., & Ribic, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2025.1584240 · Cited by 3
The Olfactory Bulbectomy Model of Depression: Brief History, Current Status and Critique
Coppola, D. M. (2025) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci15080775 · Cited by 3
Catapol: a promising natural neuroprotective agent for neurologic disorders
Li, W., & Zhou, X. (2025) · Acta Materia Medica · doi:10.15212/amm-2024-0097 · Cited by 3
“…abovementioned studies, depression models were primarily developed using male rodents, despite epidemiologic evidence clearly showing that women are significantly more susceptible to stress-related mental health disorders and that depression is at least twice as prevalent in women as in men [62].”
Are behavioural and inflammatory profiles different according to type of stressor, developmental stage, and sex in rodent models of depression? A systematic review
McKenzie, T. M. L., Bellato, A., Ismail, K., & Fernandes, C. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03138-2 · Cited by 4
“To comprehensively assess the impact of different stressors in rodent models of depression, secondary outcome measures included behavioural readouts [36], stress-related hormones, key brain metabolites and cellular phenotypes previously reported association with depression [9, 37].”
Animal Models of Depression: Classification and Relevant Validation Criteria
Herrero, S. M., Hernández, J. I., Soler, O. M., Guevara, M. A., & Gargiulo, P. Á. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-95360-1_19 · Cited by 3
Comorbid sensorimotor and emotional profiles in the forced swim test immobility and predictive value of a single assay in very old female mice
Ramírez-Boix, P., & Giménez‐Llort, L. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.03.004 · Cited by 3
The “Learned Helplessness” Model in Rats: Possibilities and Limitations in Assessing a Depressive-Like State and Effects of Antidepressants
Вальдман, Е. А., Крайнева, В. А., Олеговна, К. С., & Садовский, М. С. (2021) · Journal Biomed · doi:10.33647/2074-5982-17-2-22-34 · Cited by 3
Hydroalcoholic Extract of Rabbiteye Blueberry (Vaccinium ashei) Leaves Mitigates Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Model Inducing Depressive‐Like Behavior in Rats
Cezarotto, V. S., Ferreira, L. M., Dal'Pupo, R. P., dos Santos, A., Santos, K. F., Linares, C. E. B., Stein, A. C., Sari, M. H. M., & Cruz, L. (2022) · Chemistry & Biodiversity · doi:10.1002/cbdv.202200514 · Cited by 3
“Stressed animals usually showed depressive-like phenotypic behavior, that can be restored to normal levels by repeated treatment with antidepressant drugs.([39,40]) The models that are based on environmental or social stressors are highly relevant in researching and comprehending the pathophysiology of depression.”
Background
Chronic social comparison elicits depression- and anxiety-like behaviors and alterations in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in male rats
Xue, B., Ma, Y.-Y., Zhu, J.-Y., Mu, Y., Li, Y., Shen, F., Liang, J., & Zhang, J. (2023) · Animal Cognition · doi:10.1007/s10071-023-01798-7 · Cited by 3
“Both of these models mimic socio-environmental or social conflict stressors in everyday life, resulting in a long-term depression-like phenotype similar to that observed in clinical patients (Becker et al. 2021; Czéh et al. 2016; Planchez et al. 2019).”
Result
A scoping review of the effects of mushroom and fungus extracts in rodent models of depression and tests of antidepressant activity
Wang, C. K., Kim, G., Aleksandrova, L. R., Panenka, W. J., & Barr, A. M. (2024) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2024.1387158 · Cited by 3
Increased dopamine D2/D3 receptor and serotonin transporter availability in male rats after spontaneous remission from repeated social defeat-induced depression; a PET study in rats
Moraga‐Amaro, R., Vazquez-Matias, D. A., Nazario, L. R., Dierckx, R., Stehberg, J., Doorduin, J., & de Vries, E. F. J. (2024) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106727 · Cited by 3
“The RSD model of depression is a widely used model of chronic stress in male rats with high face and construct validity (Cz ´ eh et al., 2016).”
Method
Toward a diagnostic framework for the equine depressive phenotype: A narrative review
Brien, C. O., Parker, M. O., & McBride, S. D. (2025) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2025.04.004 · Cited by 3
Genetic animal models for psychiatric disorders
Zhou, Y., Samsom, J., & Wong, A. H. C. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819602-1.00015-2 · Cited by 4
Non-neuronal brain biology and its relevance to animal welfare
Lawrence, A. B., Brown, S. M., Bradford, B. M., Mabbott, N. A., Bombail, V., & Rutherford, K. (2025) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2025.106136 · Cited by 3
“Corroborating evidence from animals comes mainly from studies of chronic stress (see Cz ´ eh et al., 2016 for a critical review of animal research on anxiety and depression).”
Hippocampal dorsal CA1: Functional connectivity and role in HCN channelopathies in affective diseases and epilepsy
So, T. W., Choi, H. Y., Xu, H., Zhu, J., Shi, L., & Ip, J. P. K. (2025) · IBRO Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ibneur.2025.03.008 · Cited by 3
“Other depressive-like behaviours such as behavioural despair and altered locomotor activity, which are commonly tested by forced swim test and tail suspension test, can resemble patients ’ symptoms of fatigue or loss of energy (Becker et al., 2021; Cz ´ eh et al., 2016).”
Therapeutic Effects of Intranasal Administration of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Secretome in Rats Exposed to Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress
Ávila, A., Riveros, M. E., Adasme, S., Guevara, C., Río, R. D., Ortíz, F. C., Leibold, N. K., & Ezquer, F. E. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17091129 · Cited by 2
Unraveling the potency of naturally derived Virgin coconut oil in modulating chronic restraint stress-induced spatial learning and memory
Dafale, R. S., Kamath, S. U., Bhasin, G., Vasanthalaxmi, K., Bose, U., G, R. B. M., Punja, D., Bharadwaj, A., & Manjula, S. D. (2025) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/1028415x.2025.2573226 · Cited by 2
“In addition, animal models make it possible to understand the pathophysiology, mechanism of action, and signaling pathways [15].”
Electroacupuncture alleviates depressive-like behaviors by restoring hippocampal CA1 dendritic arborization and electrophysiological coherence in olfactory bulbectomized mice
Wei, X., Lu, Y., Guo, Z., Zhu, Z., Xia, C., Xu, M., Du, L.-X., Yang, Y., Shu, S., Wang, Z., et al. (2025) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2025.111666 · Cited by 2
Current Glutamatergic Treatments and Future Directions for Glutamate-Based Management of Chronic Stress and Stress-Related Disorders
Coutellier, L. D., Musazzi, L., & Pavlovic, Z. M. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87480-3_4 · Cited by 2
Etiopathogenesis of depression and experimental depression models used in preclinical studies
Kandemir, Ü. (2023) · European Journal of Life Sciences · doi:10.55971/ejls.1327521 · Cited by 2
“Various stressors such as social isolation or crowded housing, water or food deprivation, changing the light/dark cycle, cage tilting, and wet bedding are chronically applied to experimental animals throughout the CUMS protocol [67].”
Influential
The Effects of Ethanol and Acetic acid on Behaviour of Extranidal Workers of the Narrow-Headed Ant Formica exsecta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) during a Field Experiment
Korczyńska, J., Szczuka, A., Urzykowska, J., Kochanowski, M., Andrzejczyk, N. G., Piwowarek, K. J., & Godzińska, E. J. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13172734 · Cited by 2
Depressive Disorders
MacKinnon, D. F., & Chen, L. N. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-42825-9_20-1 · Cited by 2
Escitalopram reverses anxiety-like and despair behavior and affects endocannabinoid-related genes expression in the brain of adolescent male rats subjected to early life stress
Dragon, J., Gołyszny, M. J., Zielinski, M. W., Popiołek-Barczyk, K., Starowicz, K., & Obuchowicz, E. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.01.001 · Cited by 3
Co-treatment with cannabidiol and escitalopram in ineffective doses induces antidepressant effect in maternally separated male adolescent rats.
Dragon, J., Gołyszny, M., & Obuchowicz, E. (2025) · Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2025.174000 · Cited by 2
Dependence of psychopharmacological drug effects on early social stress experience: An analysis aligned with the research domain criteria framework
Moreno, M., Martín-González, E., & Dalley, J. W. (2025) · Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.jpet.2025.103710 · Cited by 2
“10 — 12 As discussed further, the most widely used procedures in rodents include maternal separation (MS), limited bedding and nesting material (LBN), prenatal stress (PS), and early social stress.”

Authors: Czéh, B., Fuchs, E., Wiborg, O., & Simon, M.
Affiliations: Aarhus University (DK)
German Primate Center (DE)
University of Pecs (HU)
Corresponding author: Czéh, Boldizsár
ORCID: Czéh, Boldizsár
Wiborg, Ove
Simon, Mária
Venue: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2016-01
Volume: 64
Pages: 293-310
ISSN: 0278-5846 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.04.004
OpenAlex: W1978343268
Semantic Scholar: 0da6df41578259009c908495102e570eae27700e
Cited by: 375
References: 233
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 22
FWCI: 20.50
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
GRO (submittedVersion)
Funders: Hungarian Brain Research Program “B” (KTIA_NAP_13-2014-0019)
Lundbeck Foundation (R83-A7631)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Keywords: major depressive disorder, animal models of depression, optogenetics, social stress, chronic mild stress, learned helplessness, early life stress, olfactory bulbectomy, circadian rhythm disruption, depression pathophysiology
MeSH terms: Animals, Brain, Depressive Disorder, Disease Models, Animal, Humans

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Animal models of major depression and their clinical implications

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks