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Demography of the pet dog and cat population on the island of Ireland and human factors influencing pet ownership
Abstract
Published data on aspects of domestic pet demographics are available in many countries. Several of these studies have linked household demographics, such as the presence of children in the household, to pet ownership. There is very little published information about the demography of domestic pets on the island of Ireland (the Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland). This study was conducted to describe the demography of the pet dog and cat populations on the island of Ireland and to identify human factors influencing pet ownership. A questionnaire was designed and administered to households to collect data about the demographics of households and their dogs and cats. The questions related to location, building structure, social class, nationality and family structure of the household, and the sex, age and source of each pet dog and/or cat. The survey was administered by a commercial company, using computer-assisted telephone interview techniques to 1250 households selected using random digit dialling and quota controls. In this study, a pet dog was defined as a dog that was been fed by a household and considered a pet by the participant of the study. A pet cat was defined as a cat that was both fed by the household and allowed into the house. The results show that 35.6% of households in Ireland have one or more pet dogs and 10.4% of households have one or more pet cats. In total, 47.3% of pet dogs and 76.1% of pet cats were neutered. Females of both species are more likely to be neutered than males. Factors associated with dog ownership included location, house type, household social class, household composition, the presence of school children in the house, and the presence of a cat in the house. Factors associated with pet cat ownership included the type of house structure, the presence of a dog in the house and the gender and age of the participant. Cats tend to stray into households. This study was the first to provide detailed information about the demographics of the pet dog and cat populations on the island of Ireland, and has identified areas for further research, in particular the effect of stray dogs and cats on the owned pet dog and cat population, and of future demographic trends in these populations.
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“Females (in both cats and dogs) were more likely to be neutered than males (Downes, Canty & More, 2009).”
From Neutering of cats and dogs in Ireland; pet owner self-reported perceptions of enabling and disabling factors in the decision to neuter (2015) · cites this paper as Downes, Canty & More, 2009
In the citing paper
“Downes, Canty & More (2009) reported that some 35% of households in Ireland have one or more pet dogs, and 10.4% of households have one or more pet cats.”
From Neutering of cats and dogs in Ireland; pet owner self-reported perceptions of enabling and disabling factors in the decision to neuter (2015) · cites this paper as Downes, Canty & More, 2009
In the citing paper
“Of these, 47.3% of pet dogs and 76.1% of pet cats were neutered.”
From Neutering of cats and dogs in Ireland; pet owner self-reported perceptions of enabling and disabling factors in the decision to neuter (2015) · cites this paper as Downes, Canty & More, 2009
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“In addition, almost a quarter of pet owners have a cat [41].”
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Abandonment of dogs in Latin America: Strategies and ideas
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“Breed-based demography is of interest to governments, breed clubs and kennel clubs and also to commercial bodies because it builds a picture of the current status for each breed and also helps to predict future population patterns for that breed [45].”
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“Although the evaluated variables and associations differ greatly among studies, factors such as age, gender, income/social class, marital status, rural/urban residence and household type may be associated with pet ownership (Marx et al., 1988; Endenburg et al., 1990; Leslie et al., 1994; Downes et al., 2009).”
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do Vale, B., Lopes, A. P., Fontes, M. D. C., Silvestre, A. M., Cardoso, L., & Coelho, A. C. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11123543 · Cited by 41
Using the Mini C-BARQ to Investigate the Effects of Puppy Farming on Dog Behaviour
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“However only few papers on cat owners’ profiles have been published [10, 11, 13] and more researches are worthy of publishing.”
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“Given their importance to a wealth of stakeholders, there has been long-term interest in obtaining demographic and population data regarding pet ownership within many countries worldwide including the USA [10–13], Brazil [14], Canada [15], Germany [16], Italy [17,18], Mexico [19], New Zealand [20], Australia [21], Por…”
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“[6] In contrast, the proportion of pet dog owners is much higher in western countries, estimated to be 33% in Italy and 38% in the United States of America.”
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Demography and welfare status of free-roaming dogs in Yangmingshan National Park, Taiwan
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Distribution and prevalence of transmissible venereal tumor in the Colombian canine population.
de Caldas, U., Arcila-Villa, A., Lubert, C. D., de Caldas, U., Pedraza, F., & de Caldas, U. (2018) · Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias · doi:10.17533/udea.rccp.v31n3a02 · Cited by 14
“…Colombia and taking into account studies conducted in Guatemala, Italy, Ireland, Venezuela, Argentina, and Brazil, we calculated an average rate of 4.6 people per canine (Medina et al., 2002; Alves et al., 2005; Slater et al., 2008; Downes et al., 2009; Zumpano et al., 2011; Pulczer et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialDemographic characteristics of owned dogs and cats of Votorantim, São Paulo State, Brazil
Baquero, O. S., Chiozzotto, E. N., Garcia, R. D. C. M., Amaku, M., & Ferreira, F. (2015) · Ciência Rural · doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20141646 · Cited by 13
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Factors Associated with Furry Pet Ownership Among Patients with Asthma
Downes, M., Roy, A., McGinn, T. G., & Wisnivesky, J. P. (2010) · Journal of Asthma · doi:10.3109/02770903.2010.491146 · Cited by 13
“In the general population, studies have identified several sociodemographic characteristics such as education, family structure, and household location that predict pet ownership (30, 31).”
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O'Neill, D. G., Darwent, E. C., Church, D. B., & Brodbelt, D. C. (2017) · Canine Genetics and Epidemiology · doi:10.1186/s40575-017-0055-3 · Cited by 13
Kisiel, L. M., Jones‐Bitton, A., Sargeant, J. M., Coe, J. B., Flockhart, D. T. T., Vargas, E. J. C., & Greer, A. L. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0198209 · Cited by 13
Peña‐Corona, S. I., Gómez-Vázquez, J. P., López-Flores, E. A., Estrada, D. V., Tovar, L. O. A., Pérez‐Rivero, J. J., Rodríguez, I. J., Reséndiz, A. S., & Soberanis-Ramos, O. (2022) · Veterinaria México OA · doi:10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2022.1001 · Cited by 12
Non-surgical castration methods to control stray dog population, a review.
Addisu Mohammed, S. E. I. D., & TEREFE, D. A. (2019) · Journal of World s Poultry Research · doi:10.36380/scil.2019.ojafr32 · Cited by 11
REVIEW ON CHEMICAL STERILIZATION OF MALE DOGS.
Hassan, A. M., & Fromsa, A. (2017) · International Journal of Advanced Research · doi:10.21474/ijar01/5828 · Cited by 11
“The uncontrolled growth of a dog population can have a negative impact on public health and can create socioeconomic, political, and animal welfare problems (Downes et al., 2009; OIE, 2016; Salamanca et al., 2011).”
How Is Human Socioeconomic Position Linked With Dog Ownership Practices? A Study From Denmark
Lund, T. B., Forkman, B., Meyer, I., & Sandøe, P. (2024) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2024.2384211 · Cited by 10
“The studies investigating the association between dog ownership and socioeconomic indicators use a wide range of target populations, including owners in the USA (Applebaum et al., 2023; Mueller et al., 2021; Saunders et al., 2017), the UK (Murray et al., 2010), Finland (Koivusilta & Ojanlatva, 2006), Ireland (Downes e…”
InfluentialFreedom from Echinococcus multilocularis: An Irish perspective
Murphy, T. M., Wahlström, H., Dold, C., Keegan, J. D., McCann, A., Melville, J., Murphy, D., & McAteer, W. J. (2012) · Veterinary Parasitology · doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2012.05.009 · Cited by 10
Koster, J. (2021) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icab016 · Cited by 10
O'Sullivan, E., & Hanlon, A. J. (2012) · Irish Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1186/2046-0481-65-10 · Cited by 9
“In Ireland, rural households, particularly small farmers, and those with children of school age are more likely to own dogs [12].”
BackgroundSurrenderers’ Relationships with Cats Admitted to Four Australian Animal Shelters
Zito, S., Paterson, M., Morton, J., Vankan, D., Bennett, P., Rand, J., & Phillips, C. (2018) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani8020023 · Cited by 9
“A Females are more likely to own a cat than males [29] and to have more intense relationships with cats [30].”
BackgroundPurewal, R., Christley, R., Kordas, K., Joinson, C. J., Meints, K., Gee, N. R., & Westgarth, C. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-05049-7 · Cited by 10
Zhang, X., He, Y., Yang, S., Zhan, X., & Wang, D. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14233458 · Cited by 10
Understanding the dog population in the Republic of Ireland: insight from existing data sources?
More, S. J., Collins, D. M., Meunier, N. V., Messam, L. L. M., Doyle, R., Maguire, A., Murray, S., Reilly, P. M., & Lawler, C. (2022) · Irish Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1186/s13620-022-00223-8 · Cited by 8
“[30, 31], leading to a focus on demographic change rather than national estimates.”
BackgroundSelf-citationYaşlı Bireylerin Yaşamında Evcil Hayvanların Rolü
PAMUK, D. (2015) · Mediterranean Journal of Humanities · doi:10.13114/mjh.2015214573 · Cited by 8
Sobrepoblación canina y felina: tendencias y nuevas perspectivas
Salamanca, C. A., Polo, L., & Vargas, J. J. (2011) · Revista de la Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y de Zootecnia · Cited by 8
Schmid, S. M., Hoffman, J. M., Gould, E. N., Moon, A., & Creevy, K. E. (2024) · Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association · doi:10.2460/javma.24.05.0306 · Cited by 9
Juárez, B. C. E., Córdova, D. L., & Néstor Falcón, P. (2020) · Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú · doi:10.15381/rivep.v31i3.18170 · Cited by 7
Avoidant Attachment Mediates Cultural Differences in Likelihood to Surrender Pets
Vonk, J. M., Khalid, A., Johnson, A., Cameron, P., & Lee, K. T. E. (2023) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.1080/08927936.2023.2248764 · Cited by 7
“…pets, belief in animal mind, and cultural di ff erences – various other factors such as education level, income, household composition, rental/house ownership, residency in urban or rural areas, and type of house may also be important (Downes et al., 2009; Leslie et al., 1994; Purewal et al., 2017).”
BackgroundFood, nutrition and health status of the pet animals in Dhaka and Chattogram city of Bangladesh
Bhowmik, P., Mim, H. K., Datta, A., Adhikar, K., Akter, N., Barua, K., & Hossain, M. E. (2020) · doi:10.60015/bjvas/v08i2a21 · Cited by 7
“Former investigation in the UK and Ireland recommends that females are more prospective to own cats than the males and their association has also been advocated to apply to children in respect to cats and dogs (Downes et al., 2009; Murray et al., 2010; Westgarth et al., 2010) .”
Dutton‐Regester, K. J., & Rand, J. S. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14203022 · Cited by 8
“…sources often arises from their affordability, the availability of free kittens and cats, and accessibility constraints linked to traditional avenues of pet acquisition, such as pet stores, breeders, or formal adoption centers, which typically involve higher costs and associated expenses [47].”
BackgroundFelipetto, L. G., Fernandes, F. D., Vogel, F. S. F., Flores, E. F., Botton, S. D. Á., & Sangioni, L. A. (2022) · Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia · doi:10.1590/1678-4162-12708 · Cited by 6
Menchetti, L., Riggio, G., Calipari, S., Mariti, C., Menor-Campos, D. J., & Diverio, S. (2024) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani14233465 · Cited by 5
Occurrence of zoonotic parasites in cats (Felis catus) at an urban pet market
Barua, P., Musa, S., Ahmed, R., & Khanum, H. (2020) · doi:10.60015/bjvas/v08i1a1 · Cited by 5
Dog ownership and cardiovascular risk factors: a nationwide prospective register-based cohort study
Mubanga, M., Byberg, L., Egenvall, A., Sundström, J., Magnusson, P. K. E., Ingelsson, E., & Fall, T. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-023447 · Cited by 6
Dog demography and ecology with reference to rabies in the Amhara region, Ethiopia
Yizengaw, L., Jemberu, W. T., Bahiru, A., Berju, A., Mengistu, A., Wondie, Z. T., Molla, W. A., & Mekonnen, S. A. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e41582 · Cited by 4
Trapp, S. M., Maeda, M. S. C. D. F., Kemper, B., Barca, F. A., Freire, R. L., Pretto‐Giordano, L. G., & Headley, S. A. (2015) · Semina Ciências Agrárias · doi:10.5433/1679-0359.2015v36n5p3211 · Cited by 4
“…children between 11-15 years of age are more likely to have a pet (MURRAY et al., 2010), probably because children at this age are influential in pet-ownership decisions (DOWNES et al., 2009) and have more time available to assume the responsibility of pet ownership (MURRAY et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMicaela Vizquerra, B., Felipe San Martín, H., Iván Carbajal, G., & Néstor Falcón, P. (2017) · Revista de Investigaciones Veterinarias del Perú · doi:10.15381/rivep.v28i4.13877 · Cited by 4
Barrios, F., Suárez, G., Udell, M. A. R., & Damián, J. P. (2023) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani13121963 · Cited by 5
“[31] are in line with our study, other studies have found no effects of sex on the longevity of cats [54].”
ResultStull, J. W. (2012) · The Atrium (University of Guelph) · Cited by 4
Reproductive Control in Dogs with Emphasis on Anti-GnRH Immunocastration and Its Behavioral Effects
Ubilla, M. J., López‐Béjar, M., Siel, D., & Sáenz, L. (2025) · Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3390/vetsci13010005 · Cited by 5
“The increasing coexistence between humans and pets reflects a complex and multidimensional social challenge, encompassing impacts on human quality of life, public health, environmental integrity, animal welfare, etc. [1,2].”
AWARENESS OF ZOONOTIC DISEASES AMONG PET OWNERS IN WA MUNICIPALITY OF GHANA
Issah, B., Ansah, T., & Alagma, H. A. (2021) · UDS International Journal of Development · doi:10.47740/497.udsijd6i · Cited by 3
Cardoso, S. D., Faraco, C. B., Pereira, G. G., & Eckman, H. (2023) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2023.06.005 · Cited by 5
Naughton, V. R., Grzelak, T., & NAUGHTON, P. J. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-54192-6_10 · Cited by 3
Metadata
- Authors
- Downes, M., Canty, M. J., & More, S. J.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Downes, Martin
- Venue
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-11
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 140-149
- ISSN
- 0167-5877 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1995246475
- Cited by
- 159
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 2.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Veterinary Practice and Education Studies
- Keywords
- pet dogs, pet cats, pet ownership, household demographics, neutering, household composition, social class, house types, stray animals, island of Ireland, Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Animals, Human-Animal Bond, Cats, Data Collection, Dogs, Female, Humans, Ireland, Male, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires
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