Pet husbandry and infection control practices related to zoonotic disease risks in Ontario, Canada
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Many human infections are transmitted through contact with animals (zoonoses), including household pets. Despite this concern, there is limited knowledge of the public's pet husbandry and infection control practices. The objective of this study was to characterize zoonotic disease related-husbandry and infection preventive practices in pet-owning households in Ontario, Canada. METHODS: A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to individuals at two multi-physician clinics in Waterloo, Ontario, Canada during 2010. One adult from each household was invited to participate in the study. RESULTS: Four hundred one pet-owners completed the questionnaire. Households reported ownership of dogs (68%), cats (48%), fish (13%), exotic mammals (7%), such as hamsters, and reptiles and birds (each 6%). Across all species, individuals at higher risk of infections (i.e. < 5 yrs, ≥ 65 yrs, immunocompromised) were often (46-57%) present in households. Children < 16 yrs of age had close pet contact, as households reported dogs (13%) and cats (30%) usually slept in a child's bed and dogs often licked a child's face (24%). Household husbandry practices that increase zoonotic disease risk were frequently identified; some fed high-risk foods (i.e. raw eggs, raw meat, or raw animal product treats) to their dogs (28%) or cats (3%); 14% of reptile-owning households allowed the pet to roam through the kitchen or washed it in the kitchen sink. Reported hand washing by children was high for all species (> 76% washed hands sometimes or greater after touching the pet, its feces, or housing), although fewer reported children always washed their hands (3-57%; by species). With a few exceptions, practices were not associated with the presence of higher risk members in the household or recall of having previously received zoonotic disease education. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest there is a need for education on zoonotic disease prevention practices for pet-owning households with individuals at higher risk of infection and those with high-risk species (e.g., reptiles). Further research is needed to determine the role of education in altering higher risk pet practices.
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Companion animals are a potential source for more than 70 human diseases.
“Through these mechanisms, companion animals are a potential source for more than 70 human diseases, 2,5,6”
From Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
The Background states that more than 70 pathogens of companion animals are known to be transmissible to people. That supports companion animals as a potential source of human infection, but it does not establish a count of more than 70 distinct human diseases. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPet ownership and the species involved in households with immunocompromised children and children aged less than 5 years are similar to households with immunocompetent children.
“Pet ownership, and the species involved, in households with immunocompromised children and children aged less than 5 years are similar to households with immunocompetent children. 2,3”
From Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
The Discussion reports that households with higher-risk individuals owned pets across all animal species studied, including reptiles. But the paper groups children under 5 with older and immunocompromised people; it does not establish that pet ownership rates or species are similar specifically between households with immunocompromised or under-5 children and households with immunocompetent children. Its reported similarity concerns husbandry and infection-control practices, not ownership. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe risk of Toxocara exposure is highest after contact with soil contaminated with waste from untreated or stray animals, such as in sandboxes, gardens, or playing fields.
“Because most household pets are regularly dewormed and larvae require two to three weeks after being passed in feces to become infective, the risk of exposure is highest after contact with soil contaminated with waste from untreated or stray animals, such as in sandboxes, gardens or playing fields. 2,26”
From Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
The Results (Dog-owning households; page unavailable) report that children played where household dogs defecated, supporting the possibility of exposure in feces-contaminated play areas. The paper does not establish that Toxocara exposure is highest in soil contaminated by untreated or stray animals, or identify sandboxes, gardens, and playing fields as the highest-risk settings. Its Results (Cat-owning households; page unavailable) report endoparasite prevention for all cats in only 42% of responding households, rather than establishing that most household pets are regularly dewormed. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredChildren (notably aged 3-5 years) and some people with developmental disabilities may have suboptimal hygiene practices or higher risk contacts with animals that further increase risk.
“In addition, children (notably those aged 3-5 yr) and some people with developmental disabilities may have suboptimal hygiene practices or higher risk contacts with animals that further increase risk. 2”
From Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
The Discussion (page unavailable) identifies children under 5 as at greater known or presumed risk and reports close pet contact, including face licking. The Results (page unavailable) report that some children did not always wash their hands. The paper does not single out ages 3–5 or address people with developmental disabilities. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPet ownership practices and the frequency of animal contact in immunocompromised/high-risk patients are typically similar to those seen in the general public.
“However, pet ownership practices and the frequency of animal contact in this group are typically similar to those seen in the general public. 2,3”
From Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
The Abstract Results and Discussion (pages not provided) report that, with a few exceptions, husbandry and infection-control practices did not differ between pet-owning households with and without higher-risk members. The paper does not establish that immunocompromised patients themselves had a similar frequency of animal contact to the general public; its comparisons concern households, and some child-contact practices differed by age. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Pet-owning households commonly include humans with a higher risk of contracting Salmonella infection from pets, whether by poor hygiene observance around animals (young children) or factors such as advanced age and immunocompromise.
“Pet‐owning households commonly include humans with a higher risk of contracting Salmonella infection from pets, whether by virtue of poor hygiene observance around animals (i.e. young children) or other factors such as advanced age and immunocompromise (Stull et al. 2013).”
From Raw diets for dogs and cats: a review, with particular reference to microbiological hazards. (2019) · cites this paper as Stull et al. 2013
The Results report that higher-risk people—children under five, adults 65 or older, and immunocompromised people—were often present in pet-owning households; the Discussion links pet practices to human Salmonella infections. The Background attributes young children's greater infection risk to incompletely developed immunity, while the Results report that children did not always wash their hands. The paper does not establish that poor hygiene is why young children are at greater risk of contracting Salmonella from pets. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredClose, intimate interactions with pets, such as sleeping in beds with owners and face licking, are common.
“close, intimate interactions with pets (e.g., sleeping in beds with owners, face licking) are common. 1,2”
From Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
Pets can serve as a source of zoonotic pathogens.
“Pets are a potential source of infection, with patients who are immunocompromised, pregnant women, young children and older adults at the greatest risk for transmission.”
From Reducing the risk of pet-associated zoonotic infections (2015) · cites this paper as [2]
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“Likewise, households with pets produce numerous opportunities for pathogen exposure [34], and limited knowledge of the associated risks is a cause for concern and an opportunity for intervention [37].”
BackgroundHousehold practices related to disease transmission between animals and humans in rural Cambodia
Osbjer, K., Boqvist, S., Sokerya, S., Kannarath, C., San, S., Davun, H., & Magnusson, U. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1811-5 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“transmission routes for pathogens known to pass between humans, livestock and wildlife in low-biosecurity backyard farming systems [10,12,25-27].”
Kiflu, B., Alemayehu, H., Abdurahaman, M., Negash, Y., & Eguale, T. (2017) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1055-y · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“developed countries are aware of the importance of hygiene and make use of the available veterinary care for their animals [21].”
BackgroundHwang, S., Shin, H. K., Park, J. M., Kwon, B., & Kang, M.-G. (2022) · Molecular & Cellular Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s13273-022-00249-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Although dog ownership can provide mental health and emotional benefits (Takashima and Day 2014), an intimate relationship with dogs provides potential sources of zoonotic pathogens for more than 70 human diseases (Mani and Maguire 2009; Stull et al. 2013; Chomel 2014).”
Backgrounddo Vale, B., Lopes, A. P., Fontes, M. D. C., Silvestre, A. M., Cardoso, L., & Coelho, A. C. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11123543 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Evaluation of nutritional value and microbiological safety in commercial dog food
Kazimierska, K., Biel, W., Witkowicz, R., Karakulska, J., & Stachurska, X. (2021) · Veterinary Research Communications · doi:10.1007/s11259-021-09791-6 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Zoonotic Disease Risks for Immunocompromised and Other High-risk Clients and Staff
Stull, J. W., & Stevenson, K. (2014) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.007 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationClient knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding zoonoses: a metropolitan experience
Steele, S., & Mor, S. M. (2015) · Australian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1111/avj.12380 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Evaluation of farmers’ knowledge-attitude-practice about zoonotic diseases in Kars, Turkey
Çakmur, H., Akoğlu, L., Kahraman, E., & Atasever, M. (2015) · Kafkas Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.5505/kjms.2015.83436 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Erickson, M. C., Liao, J., Cannon, J. L., & Ortega, Y. R. (2015) · Food Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.fm.2015.07.008 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“A number of sources may contribute to the entry of foodborne pathogens into consumers' kitchens including contaminated food, consumer's hands that have been improperly washed and sanitized (Fischer et al., 2007), and domestic pets (Overgaauw et al., 2009; Stull et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMicrobiological Hazards in Dry Dog Chews and Feeds
Kępińska-Pacelik, J., & Biel, W. (2021) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani11030631 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Nocera, F. P., Pizzano, F., Masullo, A., Cortese, L., & Martino, L. D. (2023) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens12081016 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“[39] described that in Canada, 26% of pet dogs slept in the bed with the owning family children, and this habit was also reported in Netherlands [40,41] and in UK [42], with dogs sleeping under the blankets at rates of 18% and 14%, respectively.”
BackgroundDogs and Their Owners Have Frequent and Intensive Contact
Joosten, P., Van Cleven, A., Sarrazin, S., Paepe, D., De Sutter, A., & Dewulf, J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17124300 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Lechner, I., Freivogel, C., Stärk, K. D. C., & Visschers, V. H. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00345 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Zoonotic Risks of Sleeping with Pets
Zanen, L. A., Kusters, J., & Overgaauw, P. (2022) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens11101149 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Bataller, E., García-Romero, E., Llobat, L., Lizana, V., & Jiménez-Trigos, E. (2020) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-020-02492-3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kiflu, B., Abdurahaman, M., Alemayehu, H., & Eguale, T. (2016) · Ethiopian Veterinary Journal · doi:10.4314/evj.v20i1.5 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“The level of hand hygiene documented in our study is likely adequate for those households which cares about the hygienic status of their dogs; however, for owners who are not concerned about hygienic status of their dog, hand washing should always be practiced (Stull et al., 2013).”
BackgroundResultSurvey to Investigate Owners׳ Perceptions and Experiences of Pet Rabbit Husbandry and Health
Mayer, J., Brown, S., & Mitchell, M. A. (2017) · Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.jepm.2017.01.021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Casey, C. L., Hernandez, S. M., Yabsley, M. J., Smith, K. F., & Sánchez, S. (2014) · The Science of The Total Environment · doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.09.102 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Herein we describe the resistance patterns observed in these less frequently described genera as a way to address the potential for imported reptiles to disseminate antibiotic resistant genes to both the biosphere and anthrosphere (Stull et al., 2013).”
Gurry, G. A., Campion, V., Premawardena, C., Woolley, I. J., Shortt, J., Bowden, D. K., Kaplan, Z., & Dendle, C. (2017) · Internal Medicine Journal · doi:10.1111/imj.13361 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Descriptive study of enteric zoonoses in Ontario, Canada, from 2010 – 2012
Whitfield, Y., Johnson, K. O., Hobbs, L., Middleton, D., Dhar, B., & Vrbova, L. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-017-4135-9 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“In Ontario, it is estimated that 68% of households own one or more dogs and 48% own one or more cats [15], suggesting that dog or cat contact is under-represented in our findings, or that a minority of these animals transmit disease.”
BackgroundUsmael, B., Abraha, B., Alemu, S., Mummed, B., Hiko, A., & Abdurehman, A. (2022) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-021-03135-x · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Lee, E. C. Y., & Devlin, J. M. (2021) · Veterinary Medicine and Science · doi:10.1002/vms3.656 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“This differs from countries with more extensive suburban or rural areas where many pet animals live both indoors and outdoors (Stull et al., 2013).”
BackgroundKnowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Pet Contact Associated Zoonosis in Western Ethiopia
Tamiru, Y., Abdeta, D., & Amante, M. (2022) · Veterinary Medicine Research and Reports · doi:10.2147/vmrr.s346806 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Frequent sharing of skin microbiota between people and their dogs has been shown, thus emphasizing the role of contact.(1,6,7) Skin wounding via animal bite results in infections”
BackgroundResultOwner perception of health of North American dogs fed meat- or plant-based diets
Dodd, S. A. S., Khosa, D. K., Dewey, C. E., & Verbrugghe, A. (2022) · Research in Veterinary Science · doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.06.002 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Hoffman, C. L., Spencer, T. G., & Makolinski, K. V. (2021) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2021.783233 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“, vaccinations and anti-parasitic agents) is not widely available and accessible, viral, bacterial, parasitic, and vector-borne diseases may increase in companion animal populations and compromise human health through the spread of zoonotic disease (8).”
BackgroundMateus, T. L., Niza‐Ribeiro, J., CASTRO, A. O., & Vieira‐Pinto, M. (2016) · EcoHealth · doi:10.1007/s10393-016-1129-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, for this to occur, veterinarians need to be aware of their function (Stull et al. 2007, 2013).”
BackgroundSalmonella infection and carriage: the importance of dogs and their owners
Leonard, F. (2014) · The Veterinary Record · doi:10.1136/vr.g367 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Exotic pets in Ireland: 1. Prevalence of ownership and access to veterinary services
Goins, M., & Hanlon, A. J. (2021) · Irish Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1186/s13620-021-00190-6 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“However, overall prevalence of pet ownership in other western countries is around 41–65 % [8, 11-13].”
BackgroundLa pérdida de la percepción al riesgo de zoonosis y la figura del perro comunitario
Rojas, C., Lüders, C., Manterola, C., & Velazco, M. (2018) · Revista chilena de infectología · doi:10.4067/s0716-10182018000200186 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Pet and Stray Dogs’ Contribution to Zoonotic Transmission Pathways: A Bibliometric Review
Langlois, T., Hurtrez‐Boussès, S., & Garine-Wichatitsky, M. D. (2025) · Transboundary and Emerging Diseases · doi:10.1155/tbed/5522451 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In kennels and shelters, strict hygiene protocols, including disinfection, isolation of symptomatic animals, proper ventilation, and routine veterinary care, are essential to limiting pathogen transmission and ensuring animal health [103].”
Goins, M., & Hanlon, A. J. (2021) · Irish Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1186/s13620-021-00191-5 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Pets are also acknowledged to be a risk factor for illnesses caused by various pathogens [15] with the exotic pet trade producing several high profile invasive species [16].”
BackgroundA One Health Perspective of Pet Birds Bacterial Zoonosis and Prevention
(2024) · Pakistan Veterinary Journal · doi:10.29261/pakvetj/2024.147 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Cleaning cages should remove all trash and waste (Stull et al. , 2013).”
Al-Rukban, M. O., Alekrish, Y., Alshehri, M. H., Bajeaifer, Y. A., Alhamad, M. H., Sambas, F. A., & Alsouan, A. A. (2022) · Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases · doi:10.1089/vbz.2022.0017 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“A data collection tool was developed after reviewing previous literature related to this topic (Alho et al, 2018; Steele and Mor, 2015; Stull et al, 2012, 2013, 2015).”
A Risk Factor Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Animals in COVID-19-Affected Households
Kuhlmeier, E., Chan, T., Meli, M. L., Willi, B., Wolfensberger, A., Reitt, K., Hüttl, J., Jones, S., Tyson, G. B., Hosie, M. J., et al. (2023) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v15030731 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Moreover, children also often have very close contact with companion animals [32], a fact that could further explain why the presence of minors in the household was a significant risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 transmission to pets.”
BackgroundLegal Implications of Zoonotic Disease Transmission for Veterinary Practices
Marsh, A. E., & Babcock, S. L. (2014) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2014.11.008 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Urban park-related risks forGiardiaspp. infection in dogs
Smith, A. F., Rock, M. J., Neumann, N. F., & Massolo, A. (2015) · Epidemiology and Infection · doi:10.1017/s0950268815000400 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Moran, N. E., Ferketich, A. K., Wittum, T. E., & Stull, J. W. (2017) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/zph.12373 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This is comparable to other studies where 52% of the general dogowning household population were categorized as higher risk (Stull et al., 2013).”
ResultSelf-citationCorrales, N. U., Giraldo, K. V., Garcés, C. M. S., & Giraldo, A. L. N. (2021) · Veterinary World · doi:10.14202/vetworld.2021.3091-3098 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Julien, D. A., Sargeant, J. M., Filejski, C., & Harper, S. L. (2020) · Zoonoses and Public Health · doi:10.1111/zph.12719 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationChen, Y., Hammer, E. E., & Richards, V. P. (2018) · Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution · doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.03.034 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nettelrodt, K. M. E., & von Lengerke, T. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-21106-3 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jurado, D. C. A., Jay, L. I. C., & García, J. P. (2017) · Biosalud · doi:10.17151/biosa.2017.16.2.4 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Mariasusai, P., Gopalan, N., Behera, S. K., & Larebo, Y. M. (2025) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-025-04997-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Individuals who maintain close contact with animals are at high risk for contracting and transmitting zoonotic diseases [15, 20, 21].”
Lee, Y. (2024) · Tropical biomedicine · doi:10.47665/tb.41.1.012 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Gass, J. D., Waite, K. B., Hill, N. J., Dalton, K. R., Sawatzki, K., Runstadler, J. A., Davis, M. F., & for the CHAIS Expert Review Group (2022) · One Health · doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100422 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Building on other works that have examined zoonoses and risk of pathogen transmission among humans and household pets based on intensity and frequency of human-animal contact [19 – 21], the Human-Animal Interaction Section [HAI] captures the intensity and frequency of human-animal contact.”
Funding Pandemic Prevention: Proposal for a Meat and Wild Animal Tax
Larnder-Besner, M., Gravel, J. T., & Christians, A. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12219016 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Saleem, F., Ameer, A., Afzal, F., Usman, M., Irshad, H., Sattar, S., Ijaz, U. Z., & Javed, S. (2025) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/s13104-025-07220-4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Although farmers are concerned about the health of birds, they are unaware of the risk factors associated with disease outbreaks, transmission of zoonotic infections and AMR [16, 17].”
Wales, A. D., Lawes, J. R., & Davies, R. (2019) · BSAVA Companion · doi:10.22233/20412495.0819.10 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
DIVERSIDADE BACTERIANA EM SUPERFÍCIES DE RESTAURANTES DE PALMAS-TO
Fonseca, L. C. N., Azevedo, G. H. M., Santana, R. M., & Baptista, A. B. (2019) · Revista de Patologia do Tocantins · doi:10.20873/uft.2446-6492.2019v6n2p10 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Detection of antibiotic resistant Enterobacterales in commercial raw pet food: a preliminary study
Fisher, C. D., Call, D. R., & Omulo, S. (2024) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2024.1294575 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Contaminated feces may pose health risks to children; a Canadian survey found that 52% of household reported that their children ( < 16 years) play in the same areas where their dogs defecate (35).”
BackgroundHuman exposure to Salmonella spp from dog food containing raw meat – systematic review
dos Reis, J. S., Santos, D. C. D. O., Gomide, L. B., Ogoshi, R. C. S., Pereira, L. J., & Zangerônimo, M. G. (2017) · Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research and Animal Science · doi:10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2017.129264 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Aklilu, H., & Engdawork, A. (2024) · Archives of Veterinary Medicine · doi:10.46784/e-avm.v17i1.348 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In line with this finding, Stull et al. (2013) stated that owners who are not concerned about the hygienic status of their dog, should be washing their hands regularly.”
BackgroundLee, E.-Y., Kim, Y.-B., Cheng, J., Carbone, M., Abu-Omar, K., Bisung, E., Ding, D., Hallal, P. C., Jeon, J. Y., Kangmennaang, J., et al. (2026) · Sustainable Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.horiz.2025.100172 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
(2022) · Journal of Chemical Biological and Physical Sciences · doi:10.24214/jcbps.b.12.4.48599 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pets Diseases and Public Health: Zoonosis, Transmission and Treatment: A Review
Basit, A., Yasin, U., Hashmi, H. A., Kiran, A., Ali, H., Keerio, B. Y., Rana, M. A., Ahmad, M. T., Zeb, K., & Riaz, H. (2024) · Indus journal of bioscience research. · doi:10.70749/ijbr.v2i02.327 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Companion Animal Zoonoses in Immunocompromised and Other High-Risk Human Populations
Stull, J. W. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-50934-3.00019-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRashid, A., Fong, L. S., Rani, P. A. M. A., Maideen, S. F. K., Shafie, I. N. F., Ahmad, N. I., Mustaffa-Kamal, F., Ajat, M., & Omar, S. (2018) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/381350 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Wierenga, J. R., Thiede, H., Helms, L., & Hopkins, S. G. (2015) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000000272 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Wynn, S. G. (2025) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvsm.2025.06.004 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Xu, C., Xu, H., & Ling, L. (2025) · Polymer Engineering and Science · doi:10.1002/pen.70136 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Bacterial infections represent a serious concern in pet-owning households, threatening both animal health and human safety through potential transmission [58–60].”
Practices and perceptions of British dog owners related to pet‐associated zoonoses
Sum, S. J. J., & Mateus, A. (2021) · Journal of Small Animal Practice · doi:10.1111/jsap.13463 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Beim Umgang mit Tieren hygienische Grundsätze beachten
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Påverkas människans hälsa av att äga en hund? Fysiska och psykiska aspekter
Lindström, L. S. (2015)
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Kahyaoğlu, N., & Temamoğulları, F. K. (2020) · Harran Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.31196/huvfd.781581
TBHEB 2015-2 Vol 72 Full Printed Journal
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Mothers' Beliefs, Concerns and Preventive Practices regarding Pet Infection among their Children
Soliman, F. E. E., Farag, N. H., & Khaton, S. E. (2022) · Tanta Scientific Nursing Journal · doi:10.21608/tsnj.2022.255760
A Mutually Beneficial and Dynamic Relationship between Human and Animals
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“Pet health monitoring is an important part of modern veterinary practice, and early disease detection can substantially enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce infection transmission risks [1,2].”
Imo, U. F., Alexander, P., Kanu, P. A., Ogbonna, C. K., Abba, M. E., Yusuf, I. H., Odey, M. O., Adole, J. O., Eneji, E. E., Oji, G. M., et al. (2026) · Discover Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12982-026-01788-3
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“Moreover, the present finding is higher than the study carried out by Stull et al. ( 2013 ) in Canada, which reported 28.0%.”
InfluentialAttitudes, knowledge and behavior of cat owners of importance for the control of zoonotic diseases
Ristić, M., & Visnjic, A. M. (2026) · Frontiers in Animal Science · doi:10.3389/fanim.2026.1805575
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- Authors
- Stull, J. W., Peregrine, A. S., Sargeant, J. M., & Weese, J. S.
- Affiliations
- Ontario Veterinary College (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Stull, Jason W
- Venue
- BMC Public Health
- Published
- 2013-05-29
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 520-520
- ISSN
- 1471-2458 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3668296
- OpenAlex
- W2037735260
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 6
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- BMC Public Health (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IslandScholar (University of Prince Edward Island) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- University of Guelph
- McMaster University
- Public Health Agency of Canada
- Public Health Agency
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Institute of Population and Public Health
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Keywords
- zoonoses, infection control measures, dogs, cats, reptiles, exotic pets, raw pet food, hand washing, immunocompromised patients, Ontario
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Animals, Animal Husbandry, Child, Child, Preschool, Dogs, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Ontario, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Zoonoses, Infection Control, Disease Transmission, Infectious, Pets
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