Antimicrobial use practices, attitudes and responsibilities in UK farm animal veterinary surgeons
Open accessAbstract
Increasing levels of antimicrobial resistance in human and veterinary medicine have raised concerns around the issue of overprescribing and the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials. Their use in food producing animals is under scrutiny due to the perceived risk from the zoonotic transfer of resistant pathogens from animals to humans. This study aimed to explore UK veterinary surgeons antimicrobial prescribing behaviours, their attitudes to antimicrobial resistance and their perceptions of responsibility of antimicrobial use in pigs through a questionnaire study on a census sample of 261 veterinary surgeons in England, Wales and Scotland who had a clinical caseload which included commercial pigs. The questionnaire had a useable response rate of 34.1% (n = 61/179) in eligible veterinary surgeons. Overall, veterinary surgeons reported personal confidence that their prescribing decisions were responsible however, there was concern that the prescribing behaviours of other veterinary surgeons and physicians in human medicine may be less responsible; a sociological concept known as 'othering'. In parallel, veterinary surgeons seldom identified that treatment failure was a consequence of antimicrobial resistance in their own clinical caseload, however they considered it an issue for other veterinary surgeons and for human prescribers. Veterinary surgeons consulted a wide spectrum of resources on antimicrobial use in pigs which, on occasion, contained conflicting guidance on what was defined as responsible prescribing. The decision over whether or not to prescribe an antimicrobial was influenced by numerous factors relating to the veterinary surgeons' experience and the clinical situation presented, but maintaining pig welfare was a high priority. There was a shared desire to seek alternative methods to prevent disease to antimicrobial use, however the use of diagnostics to support prescribing decisions was an infrequently reported behaviour and could play a more significant role in prescriber decisions if more cost effective and rapid tests were available. Future interventions to optimise antimicrobial use in pigs needs to focus on the evolution of antimicrobial use practices in a changing political and scientific landscape whilst also considering individual motivations and justifications for use.
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Barriers to the responsible use of antibiotics include cost, time constraints, a lack of rapid diagnostic tools, and farmer expectations.
“Barriers to the responsible use of antibiotics include cost, time constraints, a lack of rapid diagnostic tools, and farmer expectations (25, 26).”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Discussion says cost and delays in obtaining diagnostic results may hinder testing and calls for rapid, cost-effective tests. Results §3.2 reports that a farmer wanting antimicrobials could influence prescribing. The paper supports those barriers, but it does not establish general time constraints as a barrier to responsible use; its discussion of time concerns diagnostic turnaround. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFewer than one-fifth (19%) of farm veterinarians performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) when a bacterial infection was first suspected.
“However, a UK survey found that fewer than one-fifth (19%) of farm veterinarians performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) when a bacterial infection was first suspected (25).”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
Section 3.3 (page unavailable) says that fewer than one-fifth of surveyed veterinary surgeons reported performing AST frequently when bacterial infection was initially suspected. The claim omits “frequently,” making the figure sound like the proportion who performed AST at all; the available text also does not give the exact 19%. Figure 2 identifies the respondents as UK pig veterinary surgeons (n = 61). (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDecisions based solely on clinical observation or fever risk increase inappropriate antibiotic use.
“Decisions based solely on clinical observation or fever risk increase inappropriate antibiotic use (25, 46).”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) says diagnostic testing is essential to identify the pathogen behind clinical signs and ensure appropriate antimicrobial use. That supports concern about relying on clinical observation alone, but the paper does not address fever-based decisions or demonstrate that either practice increases inappropriate use. The prescribing scenarios in Section 3.2 could not be evaluated for appropriateness against guidelines. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe reliance on tetracyclines, phenicols, and macrolides appears driven by their broad-spectrum activity, established clinical efficacy, ease of administration, and affordability.
“This reliance on tetracyclines, phenicols, and macrolides appears driven by their broad-spectrum activity, established clinical efficacy, ease of administration, and affordability (25, 49).”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
Section 3.2 reports that tetracyclines were the most frequent first-line choice and macrolides the second most common for one pig respiratory-disease scenario. It does not establish reliance on phenicols or attribute these prescribing choices to broad-spectrum activity, efficacy, ease of administration, or affordability; searches for phenicols and those reasons found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEconomic constraints and perceived safety profiles still frequently outweigh AMS concerns in field settings, explaining routine oxytetracycline use.
“the routine use of oxytetracycline suggests that economic constraints and perceived safety profiles (25, 54) still frequently outweigh AMS concerns in field settings.”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
Section 3.2 reports that tetracyclines were the most frequent first-line choice in a pig respiratory-disease scenario, and the Discussion says respondents rarely attributed treatment failures to antimicrobial resistance. The paper does not establish routine oxytetracycline use specifically or show that economic constraints and perceived safety profiles frequently outweigh stewardship concerns in choosing it; the Discussion's cost concern relates to diagnostic testing. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Coyne et al. found the veterinarian-farmer relationship is a key reason for prescribing, and Rees et al. noted that treatment decisions often result from negotiation between clinical advice and farmers' experience.
“This agrees with Coyne et al. (25), who found the veterinarian-farmer relationship is a key reason for prescribing, and with Rees et al. (72), who noted that treatment decisions often result from negotiation between clinical advice and farmers’ experience.”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
Section 3.2 reports that a good relationship with the farmer made mixed-species veterinarians more likely to prescribe antimicrobials than specialist pig practitioners. The Discussion likewise identifies the relationship as a prescribing factor for mixed-species practitioners. The claim overstates this subgroup finding by calling the relationship a key reason for prescribing generally; the separate statement about Rees et al. is not attributed to Coyne et al. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIngrained habits and clinical urgency frequently take precedence over diagnostics, particularly when laboratories are slow to process.
“Second, ingrained habits and clinical urgency frequently take precedence over diagnostics, particularly when laboratories are slow to process, as aligns with Coyne et al. (25).”
From Understanding antibiotic decision-making for bovine respiratory disease: a survey of UK farm veterinarians (2026) · cites this paper as [25]
The Discussion reports that antimicrobial susceptibility testing was used infrequently and that delays in obtaining results may hinder its use. The Abstract says prescribing was influenced by clinical circumstances and pig welfare, but the paper does not establish that ingrained habits and clinical urgency frequently take precedence over diagnostics. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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“Second, ingrained habits and clinical urgency frequently take precedence over diagnostics, particularly when laboratories are slow to process, as aligns with Coyne et al. (25).”
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- Authors
- Coyne, L. A., Latham, S. M., Dawson, S., Donald, I. J., Pearson, R. B., Smith, R. F., Williams, N. J., & Pinchbeck, G. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Liverpool (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Coyne, L.A.
- Venue
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-12
- Volume
- 161
- Pages
- 115-126
- ISSN
- 0167-5877 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2899453724
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 4.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Preventive Veterinary Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology › Antibiotic Use and Resistance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › Veterinary Practice and Education Studies
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Veterinary medicine and infectious diseases
- Keywords
- antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial prescribing, pigs, responsible prescribing, overprescribing, othering, prescriber attitudes, treatment failure, pig welfare
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Husbandry, Anti-Infective Agents, Decision Making, Drug Resistance, Microbial, Drug Utilization, United Kingdom, Humans, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Surveys and Questionnaires, Swine, Swine Diseases, Veterinary Medicine, Veterinarians
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