Neuroprotective effect of Citrus limon juice against scopolamine induced amnesia in Wistar rats: Role of cholinergic neurotransmission monitoring and beta-actin signaling
Open accessAbstract
Lemon (Citrus limon) Rutaceae) is one of the most popular world fruit crops, contains active phytochemicals that are polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids, vitamin C, folic acid, potassium, pectin etc. The bioactives compound of lemon are preventing radical-mediated diseases like cancer, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders but no one reported that effect of Citrus limon juice on scopolamine induced amnesia model in animal. Rats were divided into five groups. Group 1 rats (normal control) received 1 ml/kg normal saline for 14 days intraperitoneally (i.p.). Group 2 rats received scopolamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to the trial on the 14th day. Group 3 rats received 3 mg/kg/day of donepezil as pre-treatment for 14 days and scopolamine (3 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min prior to the trial on the 14th day. Group 4 and 5 rats received Citrus limon juice (0.6, 1.2 ml/kg/day) for 14 days and scopolamine (3 mg/kg, i.p) 30 min prior to the trial on 14th day respectively. On the day 14, working memory and long-term memory in rats were tested by experimental paradigms and Morris Water Maze (MWM) task. On day 15, 6 rats of each group were sacrificed and brain tissue of these rats was isolated for the estimation of biochemical parameters, histopathological examination and western blot analysis. Scopolamine treated rats showed significantly increased escape latency (p<0.0001), Acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity (P < 0.001), lipid peroxidation (p<0.001) and significantly decreased GSH level (p< 0.001) in the hippocampus compared to the control group. These parameters were significantly recovered in the rats pretreated with Citrus limon juice and donepezil. Histopathological examination showed that Citrus limon juice and donepezil provided significant protection against pyramidal cell degeneration, neuronophagia, and thickened endothelium of blood vessels with perivascular and moderately inflammatory cells like eosinophils in scopolamine treated rats. Furthermore, Citrus limon juice was found to significantly upregulate the expression levels of ERK and beta-actin proteins in rat hippocampus. The findings of this study demonstrated that Citrus limon juice and their constituents have potential to improve the cognitive performance in scopolamine induced amnesia in Wistar rats. Further extensive studies are needed to explore the efficacy of Citrus limon juice and its constituents for treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Glycyrrhiza uralensis leaf extract exhibits anti-Alzheimer's action by protecting against glutamate-induced mitochondrial damage and hippocampal neuronal cell death.
“The extract of the leaves of GU, belonging to the family Leguminosae, exhibits anti-AD action by showing protective action against glutamate-induced mitochondrial damage and hippocampal neuronal cell death.”
From Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical to Clinical Trial Insights (2023) · cites this paper as [122]
Citrus limon juice improves cholinergic neurotransmission.
“Citrus limon juice improved”
From Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical to Clinical Trial Insights (2023) · cites this paper as [122]
Citrus limon juice enhances the antioxidant system.
“enhanced the antioxidant”
From Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical to Clinical Trial Insights (2023) · cites this paper as [122]
Citrus limon improves cognitive performance.
“Improve the cognitive”
From Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical to Clinical Trial Insights (2023) · cites this paper as [122]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
1 retracted
Hafez, H. S., Ghareeb, D. A., Saleh, S. R., Abady, M. M., Demellawy, M. E., Hussien, H. M., & Abdel-Monem, N. M. (2017) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-017-4690-x · Cited by 82 · see citing works
RetractedAssay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction
Ohkawa, H., Ohishi, N., & Yagi, K. (1979) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(79)90738-3 · Cited by 29,460 · see citing works
Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques
Goss, G. R. (2009) · The American Journal of Surgical Pathology · doi:10.1097/pas.0b013e3181805089 · Cited by 5,454 · see citing works
Role of Oxidative Stress in Development of Complications in Diabetes
Baynes, J. (1991) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.40.4.405 · Cited by 3,791 · see citing works
The Bradford Method for Protein Quantitation
Kruger, N. J. (2003) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1385/0-89603-268-x:9 · Cited by 1,266 · see citing works
Translational Control by MAPK Signaling in Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity and Memory
Kelleher, R. J., Govindarajan, A., Jung, H.-Y., Kang, H., & Tonegawa, S. (2004) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(04)00115-1 · Cited by 845 · see citing works
The Bradford Method For Protein Quantitation
Kruger, N. J. (2009) · Springer protocols handbooks/Springer protocols · doi:10.1007/978-1-59745-198-7_4 · Cited by 779 · see citing works
Klinkenberg, I., & Blokland, A. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.04.001 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Radical scavenging activity of various extracts and fractions of sweet orange peel (Citrus sinensis)
Anagnostopoulou, M. A., Kefalas, P., Papageorgiou, V. P., Assimopoulou, A. N., & Boskou, D. G. (2004) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.09.047 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Klimek-Szczykutowicz, M., Szopa, A., & Ekiert, H. (2020) · Plants · doi:10.3390/plants9010119 · Cited by 466 · see citing works
BEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF SOME PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGICAL AGENTS
Cook, L., & Weidley, E. F. (1957) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1957.tb40763.x · Cited by 412 · see citing works
Bellingham, M. C. (2011) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2009.00116.x · Cited by 388 · see citing works
Pathology and pathogenesis of vascular cognitive impairment—a critical update
Jellinger, K. A. (2013) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00017 · Cited by 353 · see citing works
How important is oxidative damage? Lessons from Alzheimer’s disease
Perry, G. L., Raina, A. K., Nunomura, A., Wataya, T., Sayre, L. M., & Smith, M. A. (2000) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0891-5849(00)00158-1 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Guimarães, R., Barros, L., Barreira, J. C. M., Sousa, M. J., Carvalho, A. M., & Ferreira, I. C. F. R. (2009) · Food and Chemical Toxicology · doi:10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.022 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
A precise method for the determination of whole blood and plasma sulfhydryl groups
Ellman, G. L., & Lysko, H. (1979) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/s0003-2697(79)80122-0 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Reactive Oxygen Species and Protein Oxidation in Aging: A Look Back, A Look Ahead
Hensley, K., & Floyd, R. A. (2002) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1006/abbi.2001.2630 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Sabayan, B., Jansen, S. W. M., Oleksik, A. M., van Osch, M. J. P., van Buchem, M. A., van Vliet, P., de Craen, A. J. M., & Westendorp, R. G. J. (2011) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2011.12.009 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
kheradmand, E., Moghaddam, A. H., & Zare, M. (2017) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2017.11.047 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Characterization of antioxidant compounds in Jaffa sweeties and white grapefruits
Gorinstein, S., Cvikrová, M., Macháčková, I., Haruenkit, R., Park, Y., Jung, S.-T., Yamamoto, K., Ayala, A. L. M., Katrich, E., & Trakhtenberg, S. (2003) · Food Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0308-8146(03)00127-4 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
McHardy, S. F., Wang, H.-Y. L., McCowen, S. V., & Valdez, M. C. (2016) · Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents · doi:10.1080/13543776.2017.1272571 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Ginsenosides Rg5 and Rh3 protect scopolamine-induced memory deficits in mice
Kim, E., Jung, I.-H., Le, T. K. V., Jeong, J.-J., Kim, N., & Kim, D. (2013) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2012.12.047 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Proteggente, A. R., Saija, A., Pasquale, A. D., et al. (2003) · Free Radical Research · doi:10.1080/1071576031000083198 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Haider, S., Tabassum, S., & Perveen, T. (2016) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.10.002 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Choline Transporter 1 Maintains Cholinergic Function in Choline Acetyltransferase Haploinsufficiency
Brandon, E. P., Mellott, T. J., Pizzo, D. P., Coufal, N. G., D’Amour, K. A., Gobeske, K. T., Lortie, M. J., G.‐Coviella, I. L., Berse, B., Thal, L. J., et al. (2004) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1106-04.2004 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Seely, K. A., Brents, L. K., Franks, L. N., Rajasekaran, M., Zimmerman, S. M., Fantegrossi, W. E., & Prather, P. L. (2012) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.06.046 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Roy, S., Rawat, A. K., Sammi, S. R., Devi, U., Singh, M., Gautam, S., Yadav, R. K., Rawat, J. K., Singh, L., Ansari, M. N., et al. (2017) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.19551 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Self-citationLü, C., Wang, Y., Xu, T., Li, Q., Wang, D., Zhang, L., Fan, B., Wang, F., & Liu, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2018.01153 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Gao, Y.-Z., Zhang, J.-J., Liu, H., Wu, G.-Y., Xiong, L., & Shu, M. (2013) · Current Neurovascular Research · doi:10.2174/156720213804806016 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Huang, R., Huang, R., Peng, A., et al. (2001) · Molecular Carcinogenesis · doi:10.1002/mc.1030 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Sensitive Assessment of Hippocampal Learning Using Temporally Dissociated Passive Avoidance Task
Eagle, A. L., Wang, H., & Robison, A. J. (2016) · BIO-PROTOCOL · doi:10.21769/bioprotoc.1821 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Pattanashetti, L. A., Taranalli, A. D., Parvatrao, V., Malabade, R., & Kumar, D. (2017) · Indian Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.4103/0253-7613.201016 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Adiga, S., Vijayalakshmi, Bhat, P., Chaturvedi, A., Bairy, K., & Kamath, S. U. (2012) · Indian Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.4103/0253-7613.91873 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Effect of leaves of Butea frondosa on stress, anxiety, and cognition in rats
Soman, I. (2004) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2004.05.022 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Sedative, anxiolytic and antidepressant activities of Citrus limon (Burn) essential oil in mice
Campêlo, L. M. L., Sa, C., de Almeida, A. A. C., et al. (2011) · Die Pharmazie · doi:10.31083/ph.2011.1508 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Rajput, M. S., & Sarkar, P. D. (2017) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2017.02.021 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Kondrikov, D., Fonseca, F. V., Elms, S. C., et al. (2009) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109.063172 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Zhao, X. D., Liu, C., Yu, Q., Fang, L., Luo, J., Bi, K., & Jia, Y. (2016) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-016-9877-z · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Lee, H.-J., Lim, S.-M., Ko, D.-B., Jeong, J.-J., Hwang, Y.-H., & Kim, D. (2017) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.7b02569 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Effects of AEOL10150 in a Rat Organophosphate Model
Liang, L., Pearson-Smith, J. N., Huang, J., et al. (2017) · Toxicological Sciences · doi:10.1093/toxsci/kfx283 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Behavioral effects of citrus limon in rats
Khan, R. A., & Riaz, A. (2014) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-014-9616-2 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Memory boosting effect of Citrus limon, Pomegranate and their combinations.
Riaz, A., Khan, R. A., & Algahtani, H. A. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Anxiolytic-like effect of Citrus limon (L.) Burm f. essential oil inhalation on mice
Viana, M. D. M., Cardoso, R. M. B., Silva, N. K. D. G. T., Falcão, M. A. P., Vieira, A. C. S., Alexandre‐Moreira, M. S., & Campesatto, E. A. (2016) · Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais · doi:10.1590/1983-084x/15_047 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
An ultrasensitive stain for negative protein detection in SDS-PAGE via 4′,5′-Dibromofluorescein
Yu, D., Wang, Y., Zhang, S., et al. (2017) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2017.06.014 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- H.G. Vogel, in: Drug Discovery and Evaluation-Pharmacological Assays, Second Completely Revised, Updated, and Enlarged Edition, 2, Springer, 2002, pp. 621-627. published by .
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nagori, K., Nakhate, K. T., Yadav, K., Ajazuddin, & Pradhan, M. (2023) · Future Pharmacology · doi:10.3390/futurepharmacol3040053 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
- Authors
- Yadav, Y. C., Singh, A., Kannaujia, S. K., & Yadav, R.
- Affiliations
- Uttar Pradesh University of Medical Sciences (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Yadav, Yogesh Chand
- Venue
- Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 5
- Pages
- 100191
- ISSN
- 2667-1425 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4308318862
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pharmacological Research - Modern Chinese Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Bioactive Compounds in Plants
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
- Keywords
- neuroprotection, scopolamine-induced amnesia, cholinergic neurotransmission, acetylcholinesterase, lipid peroxidation, glutathione, hippocampus, working memory, long-term memory, donepezil, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, memory impairment
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review