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Cited by 61Medicinal Plants and NeuroprotectionAlzheimer's disease research and treatmentsCholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases

Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Medicinal Plants for Alzheimer’s Disease: Preclinical to Clinical Trial Insights

Open access
Nagori, Kushagra, Nakhate, Kartik T., Yadav, Krishna, Ajazuddin, Pradhan, Madhulika·2023·Future Pharmacology
DOI 10.3390/futurepharmacol3040053
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Abstract

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, multifactorial, and unremitting neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss, personality changes, and cognitive impairment. It has become more prevalent in recent years. Therefore, understanding the pathophysiology of AD and developing efficient therapeutic strategies are essential. Moreover, the progression of the disease is unaffected by the pharmaceutical approaches discovered to date. Additionally, the failure of over 200 potential drug candidates in clinical trials over the past decade suggests the complexity and difficulty of both the disease and its underlying causes. Therefore, research focused on medicinal plant-based natural products in the search for novel neuroprotective therapeutic candidates for AD is essential. Indeed, several scientific investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of many medicinal plants and their principal phytochemicals in the treatment of AD. This review article covered the pathophysiological mechanisms of AD, the necessity for natural products as anti-AD treatments, and the most recent preclinical studies revealing the function of neuroprotective medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds in the effective management of AD. In addition, the review also presents clinical trial data of promising anti-AD formulations/agents of plant origin. Revealing recent findings and highlighting the clinical trial data related to the development of new treatments for AD would promote further research in this field and pave the way for the development of more effective and safe treatments for this debilitating disease.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review summarizes Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathophysiology and the preclinical and clinical evidence for medicinal plants as anti-AD therapies. It highlights nine plants and concludes that despite promising preclinical results, few herbal remedies have advanced to clinical testing and approved drugs remain symptomatic only.

Key findings

  • AD burden is large and growing: deaths attributed to AD increased by more than 145% between 2000 and 2019; approximately 58 million people worldwide were estimated to have AD in 2021, projected to reach 88 million by 2050, with about 6.2 million in the United States.
  • More than 200 potential drug candidates failed in clinical trials over the past decade; approved AChE inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, galantamine) and memantine have no demonstrated disease-modifying effect.
  • The review discusses Panax ginseng, Curcuma longa, Centella asiatica, Ginkgo biloba, Glycyrrhiza species, Withania somnifera, Bacopa monnieri, Tinospora cordifolia, and Convolvulus pluricaulis, with reported mechanisms including AChE/BChE inhibition, anti-Aβ aggregation, antioxidant effects, anti-inflammatory effects, and autophagy modulation.
  • Specific reported preclinical numbers include ginsenoside inhibitory order for AChE (Re > Rg3 > Rg1 > Rb1 > Rb2 > Rc) and BChE (Rg3 > Rg1 > Rb2 > Rb1 > Re > Rc); Withania somnifera derivatives showed IC50 values of 28.61 ± 2.91, 14.84 ± 1.45, 18.76 ± 0.76, and 30.14 ± 2.59 µM; asiaticoside was tested at 25, 50, and 100 µM for 12 h against Aβ1-42 (50 µM) in hBMECs.

Methods

  • Narrative review using electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar.
  • Search terms included Alzheimer’s disease, neuroprotection, medicinal plant, and full names of included plants; only English-language papers published between 1990 and 2023 were considered.
  • Data were extracted and summarized into a table listing medicinal plant, plant parts used, active components, preclinical research, clinical studies, and purported neuroprotective effects, then categorized by observed neuroprotective effects.

Limitations

  • Stated: only a few herbal remedies have been studied in clinical testing despite many showing promising experimental results; clinical trials are required to verify safety and efficacy, and widespread use does not assure safety or efficacy.
  • Evident from the text: many clinical trials listed in Table 2 are ongoing, recruiting, of unknown status, terminated, or described only with preliminary/pending data, limiting conclusions about efficacy.
  • Evident from the text: the review is a narrative synthesis without a described meta-analysis or risk-of-bias assessment, and it contains duplicated sections and table formatting issues that reduce clarity.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/futurepharmacol3040053

Cites

165 of 167 references verified0 citation errors · 2 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 218 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Premisenone given

    Several scientific investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of many medicinal plants and their principal phytochemicals in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.

    “Indeed, several scientific investigations have demonstrated the efficacy of many medicinal plants and their principal phytochemicals in the treatment of AD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Premisecitation

    The progression of Alzheimer's disease is unaffected by the pharmaceutical approaches discovered to date.

    “Moreover, the progression of the disease is unaffected by the pharmaceutical approaches discovered to date.”
    • Also stated in: § 1. Introduction · plain
      “Notably, none of the medications currently approved for use in AD have been shown to have a disease-modifying effect; as a result, they have no impact on the course or severity of the condition [13][14][15].”
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    • cites [13][14][15]

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    Systemic treatment with gintonin enhances paracellular permeability of the blood-brain barrier through the LPA1/3 receptor.

    “Recently, Choi et al. demonstrated that systemic treatment with gintonin enhances paracellular permeability of the blood-brain barrier through the LPA1/3 receptor.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] Choi, 2021, Gintonin facilitates brain delivery of donepezil, a therapeutic drug for Alzheimer disease, through lysophosphatidic acid 1/3 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, J. Ginseng Res. source

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  • Premisecitation

    Alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids are among the essential secondary metabolites of plants that play a significant role in preventing neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.

    “Alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenolic acids are among the essential secondary metabolites of plants that play a significant role in preventing neurodegeneration in AD [17,58,59].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [17] Fernandes, F., Barroso, M.F., De Simone, A., Emriková, E., Dias-Teixeira, M., Pereira, J.P., Chlebek, J., Fernandes, V.C., Rodrigues, F., and Andrisano, V. (2022). Multi-target neuroprotective effects of herbal medicines for Alzheimer’s disease. J. Ethnopharmacol., 290. source

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    • cites [58] Klose, J., Griehl, C., Roßner, S., and Schilling, S. (2022). Natural Products from Plants and Algae for Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review. Biomolecules, 12. source

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    • cites [59] Ding, H., Reiss, A.B., Pinkhasov, A., and Kasselman, L.J. (2022). Plants, Plants, and More Plants: Plant-Derived Nutrients and Their Protective Roles in Cognitive Function, Alzheimer’s Disease, and Other Dementias. Medicina, 58. source

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    Downregulation of beclin 1 increases the aggregation of amyloid beta plaques and tau aggregates in Alzheimer's disease.

    “In line with these findings, the downregulation of beclin 1 (BECN1) increases the aggregation of Aβ plaques and tau aggregates in AD [48].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48] Salminen, 2013, Beclin 1 interactome controls the crosstalk between apoptosis, autophagy and inflammasome activation: Impact on the aging process, Ageing Res. Rev. source

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    Premisecitation

    Alzheimer's disease is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder marked by occasional unusual behavior, memory loss, and cognitive impairment.

    “It is an irreversible neurodegenerative disorder marked by occasional unusual behavior, memory loss, and cognitive impairment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [26] Yarns, 2022, Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease, Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. source

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    • cites [27] Khezri, 2022, The Role of Caspases in Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathophysiology Implications and Pharmacologic Modulation, J. Alzheimer’s Dis. source

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    Premisecitation

    Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, multifactorial, unremitting neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss, personality changes, and cognitive impairment.

    “Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, multifactorial, and unremitting neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory loss, personality changes, and cognitive impairment.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease · plain
      “It is an irreversible neurodegenerative disease characterized by memory and cognitive impairment [26,27].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [26] Yarns, 2022, Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease, Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. source

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    • cites [27] Khezri, 2022, The Role of Caspases in Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathophysiology Implications and Pharmacologic Modulation, J. Alzheimer’s Dis. source

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    Premisecitation

    Alzheimer's disease is the most prevalent form of dementia worldwide.

    “The most prevalent form of dementia worldwide is Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressive neurological condition with a high social and caregiver cost.”
    • Also stated in: § 3. Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease · plain
      “AD is the most common form of dementia and one of the biggest healthcare concerns of the 20th century.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [26] Yarns, 2022, Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s Disease, Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. source

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    • cites [27] Khezri, 2022, The Role of Caspases in Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathophysiology Implications and Pharmacologic Modulation, J. Alzheimer’s Dis. source

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    Premisecitation

    Ginsenosides have substantial acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitory activities, which make these constituents an efficient moiety for reducing the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.

    “Further, ginsenosides have substantial AChE and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibitory activities, which make these constituents an efficient moiety for reducing the symptoms of AD [15].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] John, O.O., Amarachi, I.S., Chinazom, A.P., Adaeze, E., Kale, M.B., Umare, M.D., and Upaganlawar, A.B. (2022). Phytotherapy: A promising approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med., 2. source

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    Premisecitation

    The inhibitory potential of ginsenosides was in the following order: for acetylcholinesterase, Re > Rg3 > Rg1 > Rb1 > Rb2 > Rc, and for butyrylcholinesterase, Rg3 > Rg1 > Rb2 > Rb1 > Re > Rc.

    “The inhibitory potential was in the following order: for AChE, Re > Rg3 > Rg1 > Rb1 > Rb2 > Rc, and for BChE, Rg3 > Rg1 > Rb2 > Rb1 > Re > Rc [66].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [66] Choi, 2016, BACE1 molecular docking and anti-Alzheimer’s disease activities of ginsenosides, J. Ethnopharmacol. source

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    Autophagy adversely affects several essential immune response components, playing an important role in counteracting inflammation.

    “Furthermore, autophagy adversely affects several essential immune response components, playing an important role in counteracting inflammation [46].”
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    • cites [46] Levine, 2011, Autophagy in immunity and inflammation, Nature source

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    Premisecitation

    Alzheimer's disease is a neuronal cell disorder that generates progressive dysfunction of neurons due to abnormal deposition of amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, genetic susceptibility, and increased oxidative stress.

    “AD is a neuronal cell disorder that generates progressive dysfunction of neurons due to the abnormal deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau proteins, genetic susceptibility, and increased oxidative stress.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Tatulian, 2022, Challenges and hopes for Alzheimer’s disease, Drug Discov. Today source

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    • cites [8] Chatterjee, 2022, Diagnostic and prognostic plasma biomarkers for preclinical Alzheimer’s disease, Alzheimer’s Dement. source

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    Amyloid beta can induce a concentration-dependent accumulation of reactive oxygen species and boost their generation by directly activating NADPH oxidase.

    “It has been observed that Aβ can induce a concentration-dependent accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and boost their generation by directly activating NADPH oxidase [53].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [53] Cai, 2011, Oxidative stress and β-amyloid protein in Alzheimer’s disease, NeuroMolecular Med. source

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    Treatment with ginseng protein improves the cognitive ability of Alzheimer's disease-affected rats and decreases the level of amyloid beta.

    “It was observed that treatment with GP improves the cognitive ability of the AD-affected rats and decreases the level of Aβ.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Li, 2016, Neuroprotective effects of ginseng protein on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampus of D-galactose/AlCl3 inducing rats model of Alzheimer’s disease, J. Ethnopharmacol. source

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    Premisecitation

    None of the medications currently approved for use in Alzheimer's disease have been shown to have a disease-modifying effect; they have no impact on the course or severity of the condition.

    “Notably, none of the medications currently approved for use in AD have been shown to have a disease-modifying effect; as a result, they have no impact on the course or severity of the condition [13][14][15].”
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    • cites [13][14][15]

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    According to the tau hypothesis, tau tangle pathology develops prior to the formation of amyloid beta plaque because hyperphosphorylation of tau leads to clumping into paired helical filaments and neurofibrillary tangles and detaches it from microtubules.

    “According to the tau hypothesis, tau tangle pathology develops prior to the formation of Aβ plaque because hyperphosphorylation of tau leads to clumping into paired helical filaments (PHFs) and NFTs and detach it from microtubules.”
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    • cites [37][38][39]

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    Gintonin can reduce Alzheimer's disease symptoms and progression through autophagy stimulation, neurogenesis, decreasing oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory activities.

    “Additionally, gintonin can reduce AD symptoms and progression through autophagy stimulation, neurogenesis, decreasing oxidative stress, and anti-inflammatory activities [72].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] Choi, 2021, Gintonin facilitates brain delivery of donepezil, a therapeutic drug for Alzheimer disease, through lysophosphatidic acid 1/3 and vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, J. Ginseng Res. source

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    Autophagy functions as a quality control mechanism, maintaining cellular homeostasis by destroying aggregate-prone proteins and damaged organelles.

    “Indeed, autophagy functions as a quality control mechanism, maintaining cellular homeostasis by destroying aggregate-prone proteins and damaged organelles [45].”
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    • cites [45] Feng, 2014, The machinery of macroautophagy, Cell Res. source

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    Premisecitation

    Gintonin has been demonstrated to activate PI3K and AKT, decrease amyloid beta synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, stimulate the formation of sAPP by activating ADAM10, improve memory impairment brought on by amyloid beta neurotoxicity, and lessen the deposition of amyloid plaques in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.

    “Gintonin has been demonstrated to activate PI3K and AKT, decrease Aβ synthesis in a dose-dependent manner, stimulate the formation of sAPP by activating ADAM10, and not only improve memory impairment brought on by Aβ neurotoxicity but also lessen the deposition of amyloid plaques in a mouse model of AD [70][71][72].”
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    • cites [70][71][72]

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    The amyloid cascade hypothesis posits that amyloid beta peptide accumulation and deposition in the brain parenchyma plays a significant role in Alzheimer's disease etiology.

    “The Aβ peptide accumulation and deposition in the brain parenchyma was hypothesized to play a significant role in understanding AD etiology in 1992, giving rise to the amyloid cascade hypothesis [31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] Levin, 2022, Testing the amyloid cascade hypothesis: Prevention trials in autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease, Alzheimer’s Dement. source

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    Premisecitation

    In Alzheimer's disease, increased amyloid beta production or impaired amyloid beta degradation/clearance results in its accumulation.

    “In AD, increased Aβ production or impaired Aβ degradation/clearance results in its accumulation.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [9] Guo, T., Zhang, D., Zeng, Y., Huang, T.Y., Xu, H., and Zhao, Y. (2020). Molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Mol. Neurodegener., 15. source

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    Premisecitation

    In the hippocampus, ginseng protein reduced the amount of amyloid beta (1-42) and pTau and raised the mRNA and protein expression of PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, and Bcl-2/Bax.

    “Moreover, in the hippocampus, GP reduced the amount of Aβ (1-42) and pTau and raised the mRNA and protein expression of PI3K, p-Akt/Akt, and Bcl-2/Bax [69].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Li, 2016, Neuroprotective effects of ginseng protein on PI3K/Akt signaling pathway in the hippocampus of D-galactose/AlCl3 inducing rats model of Alzheimer’s disease, J. Ethnopharmacol. source

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    Premisecitation

    Curcumin inhibits amyloid beta aggregation and amyloid beta-induced neuroinflammation in vitro.

    “According to recent findings, curcumin may offer therapeutic efficacy in the pathogenesis of AD, and in vitro studies suggested that curcumin inhibits Aβ aggregation and Aβ-induced neuroinflammation [81].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [81] Reddy, 2018, Protective Effects of Indian Spice Curcumin Against Amyloid-β in Alzheimer’s Disease, J. Alzheimer’s Dis. source

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    Premisecitation

    The benefit of acetylcholinesterase inhibitor medications is fairly limited; donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine have the potential to marginally improve cognition, ability to perform routine activities, and behavior in cases with mild-to-moderate Alzheimer's disease for intervals of 6 to 18 months.

    “The benefit of these medications is fairly limited, and the studies have reported that donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine have the potential to marginally improve cognition, ability to perform routine activities, and behavior in cases with mild-tomoderate AD for intervals of 6 to 18 months [12].”
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    • cites [12] Veitch, 2022, Using the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative to improve early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, Alzheimer’s Dement. source

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    Interpretationreasoning

    Plant extracts may be superior over single drugs since they can affect multiple targets at once, which makes them a more potent and novel treatment alternative for Alzheimer's disease.

    “Plant extracts may be superior over single drugs since they can affect multiple targets at once, which makes them a more potent and novel treatment alternative for AD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Premisecitation

    Combined extract of curcumin and Citrus junos reverses abnormal behavior and memory impairment caused by Aβ peptide and recovers cholinergic system and ROS defense.

    “The combined extract was reported to reverse the abnormal behavior and memory impairment caused by Aβ peptide, leading to the recovery of the cholinergic system and ROS oxidative damage defense system [77].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] Kim, 2022, Beneficial Effects of a Combination of Curcuma longa L. and Citrus junos Against Beta-Amyloid Peptide-Induced Neurodegeneration in Mice, J. Med. Food source

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    Curcumin glucoside anomers raise glutathione and acetylcholine and lower lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl levels in brain tissue.

    “The results suggested that both anomers significantly raised levels of glutathione and acetylcholine while significantly lowering lipid peroxidation levels and protein carbonyl levels in brain tissue [89].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [89] Ahmadi, N., Hosseini, M.J., Rostamizadeh, K., and Anoush, M. (2021). Investigation of therapeutic effect of curcumin α and β glucoside anomers against Alzheimer’s disease by the nose to brain drug delivery. Brain Res., 1766. source

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    Premisecitation

    Bilobalide derivatives with lactone groups have pharmacological activity comparable to native bilobalide, while those without lactone moieties have less impact on neurite outgrowth.

    “The derivatives with lactone groups appeared to have pharmacological activity comparable to native bilobalide, whereas those without lactone moieties appeared to have less impact on neurite outgrowth.”
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    • cites [98] Usuki, T., Yoshimoto, Y., Sato, M., Takenaka, T., Takezawa, R., Yoshida, Y., Satake, M., Suzuki, N., Hashizume, D., and Dzyuba, S.V. (2020). Bilobalide and PC12 cells: A structure activity relationship study. Bioorganic Med. Chem., 28. source

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    Curcumin has anti-inflammatory action on p25-mediated neuroinflammation and slows neurodegeneration in p25Tg mice.

    “They confirmed the anti-inflammatory action of curcumin on p25-mediated neuroinflammation and the progression of neurodegeneration in p25Tg mice.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Sundaram, 2017, Curcumin Ameliorates Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Memory Deficits in 25 Transgenic Mouse Model that Bears Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease, J. Alzheimer’s Dis. source

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    Ginkgo biloba seed possesses high anticholinesterase properties and low toxicity.

    “In a nutshell, GB seed was suggested to possess high anticholinesterase properties and low toxicity levels.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Hassan, I., Ibrahim, W.N.W., Yusuf, F.M., Ahmad, S.A., and Ahmad, S. (2020). Biochemical Constituent of Ginkgo biloba (Seed) 80% Methanol Extract Inhibits Cholinesterase Enzymes in Javanese Medaka (Oryzias javanicus) Model. J. Toxicol., 2020. source

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    Premisecitation

    Curcumin has been shown to reduce tau phosphorylation, amyloid beta deposition, and amyloid beta oligomerization in vivo, alleviating behavioral impairment in Alzheimer's disease animal models.

    “Additionally, curcumin has been shown to reduce tau phosphorylation, Aβ deposition, and Aβ oligomerization in vivo, alleviating behavioral impairment in AD animal models [82][83][84].”
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    • cites [82][83][84]

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    Premisecitation

    Ginkgo biloba seed has anticholinesterase activity with significant difference between treatment and control (p < 0.001).

    “The GB seed was also evaluated for its anticholinesterase activity, and the outcome revealed remarkable changes between the treatment and control groups (p < 0.001).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [100] Hassan, I., Ibrahim, W.N.W., Yusuf, F.M., Ahmad, S.A., and Ahmad, S. (2020). Biochemical Constituent of Ginkgo biloba (Seed) 80% Methanol Extract Inhibits Cholinesterase Enzymes in Javanese Medaka (Oryzias javanicus) Model. J. Toxicol., 2020. source

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    Premisecitation

    Asiaticosides in Centella asiatica extract are the most potent inhibitor of Aβ40 and MAβ40 fibrillation and interact with MAβ40.

    “It was observed that the asiaticosides present in CA extract act as the most potent inhibitor, which was found to interact with MAb40 [109].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [109] Witter, 2018, Medical Plants and Nutraceuticals for Amyloid-β Fibrillation Inhibition, J. Alzheimer’s Dis. Rep. source

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    Premisecitation

    EGb 761 minimizes synaptic loss and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease, possibly by preventing Aβ aggregation and fostering neuroprotection and neurogenesis.

    “Moreover, EGb 761 minimized synaptic loss and cognitive impairment in AD, possibly by preventing Aβ aggregation and fostering neuroprotection and neurogenesis [99].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] Liu, 2015, Long-term treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 improves symptoms and pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Brain. Behav. Immun. source

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    Premisecitation

    Centella asiatica attenuates Aβ-induced neurodegenerative spine loss and dendritic simplification, leading to improvement in Alzheimer's disease symptoms.

    “The herbal drug has also been reported to attenuate Aβ-induced neurodegenerative spine loss and dendritic simplification, leading to improvement in symptoms of AD [107].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107] Gray, 2017, Centella asiatica attenuates Aβ-induced neurodegenerative spine loss and dendritic simplification, Neurosci. Lett. source

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    Premisecitation

    Ginkgo biloba prevents Aβ-induced neuroinflammation and reduces neuroinflammation by preventing NLRP3 inflammasome activation and stimulating microglial M2 polarization.

    “The researchers also suggested that GB prevents Aβ-induced neuroinflammation and reduces neuroinflammation by preventing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in addition to stimulation of microglial M2 polarization.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96] Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Zhang, J., Gao, Y., Li, S., Chang, C., Yu, D., and Yang, G. (2021). Ginkgolide B inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome activation and promotes microglial M2 polarization in Aβ1-42-induced microglia cells. Neurosci. Lett., 764. source

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    Premisecitation

    Centella asiatica reduces acetylcholinesterase level and restores cholinergic dysfunction.

    “This was accomplished because CA reduced the acetylcholinesterase level while restoring cholinergic dysfunction.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [108] Doulah, A., Mahmoodi, G., and Borujeni, M.P. (2019). Evaluation of the pre-treatment effect of Centella asiatica medicinal plants on long-term potentiation (LTP) in rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurosci. Lett., 729. source

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    Premisecitation

    Curcumin-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation slows tau/amyloid pathology and improves cognitive deficits in p25 mice.

    “Additionally, this curcumin-mediated inhibition of neuroinflammation slowed the advancement of the tau/amyloid pathology caused by p25, which in turn improved the cognitive deficits caused by p25.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Sundaram, 2017, Curcumin Ameliorates Neuroinflammation, Neurodegeneration, and Memory Deficits in 25 Transgenic Mouse Model that Bears Hallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease, J. Alzheimer’s Dis. source

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    Premisecitation

    Long-term oral administration of Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 alleviates Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis by promoting autophagy and reducing neuroinflammation.

    “Xu Liu et al. revealed that long-term oral administration of GB extract EGb 761 alleviated AD pathogenesis by promoting autophagy and reducing neuroinflammation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [99] Liu, 2015, Long-term treatment with Ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 improves symptoms and pathology in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease, Brain. Behav. Immun. source

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    Premisecitation

    Curcumin reduced reactive oxygen species production, alleviated oxidative stress, prevented tau hyperphosphorylation, and protected SH-SY5Y cells from amyloid beta oligomer damage.

    “Furthermore, according to the findings, curcumin reduced ROS production, alleviated oxidative stress, prevented tau hyperphosphorylation, and protected SH-SY5Y cells from AβO damage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [85] HYu, H., Yamashita, T., Hu, X., Bian, Z., Hu, X., Feng, T., Tadokoro, K., Morihara, R., and Abe, K. (2022). Protective and anti-oxidative effects of curcumin and resveratrol on Aβ-oligomer-induced damage in the SH-SY5Y cell line. J. Neurol. Sci., 441. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Centella asiatica attenuates hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and improves memory and executive function in β-amyloid-overexpressing mice.

    “In a preclinical animal model, CA was reported to attenuate hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and improve memory and executive function in β-amyloid-overexpressing mice [106].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [106] Gray, 2018, Centella asiatica attenuates hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and improves memory and executive function in β-amyloid overexpressing mice, Mol. Cell. Neurosci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glycyrrhizin reduces oxidative stress and degeneration of brain cells in Alzheimer's disease and dementia patients.

    “Glycyrrhizin, a triterpenoidal saponin with isoliquiritigenin as a phenolic component, reduces oxidative stress and degeneration of brain cells in AD and dementia patients [117].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [117] Dhiman, 2022, Recent trends of natural based therapeutics for mitochondria targeting in Alzheimer’s disease, Mitochondrion source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bacoside-A expedites fibril formation in presence of lipid bilayers and impedes interactions of peptide aggregates with bilayers in solution when coincubated with PrP(106-126).

    “Specifically, when coincubated with PrP(106-126), bacoside-A expedites the formation of fibrils in the presence of lipid bilayers while simultaneously impeding the interactions of the peptide aggregates with the bilayers formed in solution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [127] Malishev, 2016, Bacoside-A, an anti-amyloid natural substance, inhibits membrane disruption by the amyloidogenic determinant of prion protein through accelerating fibril formation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Biomembr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Asiatic acid shields differentiated PC12 cells from apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation caused by Aβ25-35, partially mediated via activating PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling.

    “Cheng et al. showed that AA shields differentiated PC12 cells from apoptosis and tau protein hyperphosphorylation (pTau) caused by Aβ 25-35 , which may be partially mediated via activating the PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling pathway.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [113] Cheng, 2018, Asiatic acid protects differentiated PC12 cells from Aβ25–35-induced apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation via regulating PI3K/Akt/GSK-3β signaling, Life Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Liquiritigenin stops formation of tau amyloid fibrils with fewer cytotoxic effects.

    “The researchers revealed that liquiritigenin could stop the formation of tau amyloid fibrils in a way that exhibits fewer cytotoxic effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [119] Yuan, 2021, Exploring the inhibitory effects of liquiritigenin against tau fibrillation and related neurotoxicity as a model of preventive care in Alzheimer’s disease, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bacopa monnieri extract has cholinergic effects comparable to donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine, supporting its use for Alzheimer's disease.

    “Interestingly, the research findings support the use of an extract of BM for the treatment of AD, as it shows similarities in the cholinergic effects comparable to those of donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine [125].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [125] Chaudhari, K.S. (2020). Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond, Elsevier Inc.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bacopa monnieri reduces oxidative and mitochondrial stress, enhances lifespan, and reduces aging symptoms in Caenorhabditis elegans.

    “In this context, in recent research, BM shows significant results by reducing oxidative and mitochondrial stress and enhancing life span while reducing aging symptoms in Caenorhabditis elegans.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [128] Brimson, 2020, Bacopa monnieri (L.) wettst. Extract protects against glutamate toxicity and increases the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans, J. Tradit. Complement. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glycyrrhizic acid treatment significantly reverses cognitive impairment, possibly due to increased superoxide dismutase, AChE, and catalase activity.

    “Moreover, when compared to the scopolamine-treated group, the superoxide dismutase activity, AChE activity, and catalase activity in the glycyrrhizic acid-treated group significantly reversed cognitive impairment may be due to the increased activity of those enzymes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [120] Ban, 2020, Effect of glycyrrhizic acid on scopolamine-induced cognitive impairment in mice, Int. Neurourol. J. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Licochalcone B prevents Aβ42 aggregation by preventing salt bridge interaction at C-terminus and chelating metal ions.

    “Furthermore, licochalcone B (LCB) obtained from the root of GI was investigated for its anti-AD activity, and the result revealed that LCB could prevent Aβ 42 aggregation by preventing salt bridge interaction at the C-terminus and chelating metal ions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [121] Cao, 2020, Licochalcone B, a chalcone derivative from Glycyrrhiza inflata, as a multifunctional agent for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, Nat. Prod. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Licochalcone B displays neuroprotective and antioxidant effects in SH-SY5Y cells.

    “Moreover, in SH-SY5Y cells, LCB also displayed neuroprotective and antioxidant effects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [121] Cao, 2020, Licochalcone B, a chalcone derivative from Glycyrrhiza inflata, as a multifunctional agent for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease, Nat. Prod. Res. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tinosporide is a complementary molecule of donepezil; 8-hydroxytinosporide modestly inhibits BuChE, close to donepezil.

    “The findings suggested that tinosporide would be a complementary noble molecule of donepezil, which is correlated with its pharmacological activity through in vitro studies, whereas 8-hydroxytinosporide inhibited BuChE modestly, and the results are very close to the standard donepezil [132].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [132] Adib, 2021, Cholinesterase inhibitory activity of tinosporide and 8-hydroxytinosporide isolated from Tinospora cordifolia: In vitro and in silico studies targeting management of Alzheimer’s disease, Saudi J. Biol. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Centella asiatica extract increases cytochrome B, NADH dehydrogenase 1, cytochrome C oxidase 1, and ATP synthase 6 in hippocampal neurons.

    “The potential of CA extract to increase cytochrome B, NADH dehydrogenase 1, cytochrome C oxidase 1, and ATP synthase 6 in the hippocampal neurons, which expand on the cognitive effect, was further reported by Matthews and group [107].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [107] Gray, 2017, Centella asiatica attenuates Aβ-induced neurodegenerative spine loss and dendritic simplification, Neurosci. Lett. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tinosporide is a powerful inhibitor of AChE enzyme and a suitable lead for drug development for cognitive impairment.

    “The results of the docking study indicated that donepezil's complementary novel ligand, tinosporide, would be a suitable lead for the development of drugs to be utilized in the treatment of cognitive impairment, as tinosporide is a powerful inhibitor of the AChE enzyme.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [132] Adib, 2021, Cholinesterase inhibitory activity of tinosporide and 8-hydroxytinosporide isolated from Tinospora cordifolia: In vitro and in silico studies targeting management of Alzheimer’s disease, Saudi J. Biol. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bacopa monnieri inhibits cholinergic degradation and enhances cognition in a rat Alzheimer's disease model.

    “Another research finding demonstrates that BM inhibits cholinergic degradation and enhances cognition in a rat AD model [15].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] John, O.O., Amarachi, I.S., Chinazom, A.P., Adaeze, E., Kale, M.B., Umare, M.D., and Upaganlawar, A.B. (2022). Phytotherapy: A promising approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med., 2. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Mechanism of Bacopa monnieri hexane extract includes lowering ROS generation and preventing ER and mitochondrial stress.

    “The mechanism behind this includes lowering ROS generation and preventing ER and mitochondrial stress [128].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [128] Brimson, 2020, Bacopa monnieri (L.) wettst. Extract protects against glutamate toxicity and increases the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans, J. Tradit. Complement. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Pre-treatment with asiaticoside (25, 50, 100 μM) for 12 h reduces inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis and restores decreased mitochondrial membrane potential produced by Aβ1-42 (50 μM) in human brain microvascular endothelial cells.

    “The findings demonstrated that pre-treatment with asiaticoside (25, 50, and 100 M) for 12 h dramatically reduced the inhibition of cell growth and apoptosis and restored the decreased mitochondrial membrane potential produced by Aβ 1-42 (50µM) in hBMECs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [111] Song, D., Jiang, X., Liu, Y., Sun, Y., Cao, S., and Zhang, Z. (2018). Asiaticoside attenuates cell growth inhibition and apoptosis induced by Aβ1–42 via inhibiting the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway in human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Front. Pharmacol., 9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bacosides enhance cognitive functions and potentially exhibit anti-amyloid activity.

    “Bacosides, a group of compounds derived from the BM plant, demonstrate noteworthy therapeutic characteristics, particularly in enhancing cognitive functions and potentially exhibiting anti-amyloid activity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [127] Malishev, 2016, Bacoside-A, an anti-amyloid natural substance, inhibits membrane disruption by the amyloidogenic determinant of prion protein through accelerating fibril formation, Biochim. Biophys. Acta-Biomembr. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Glycyrrhiza glabra has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects in managing neurodegenerative disorders related to dementia.

    “Moreover, GB has been found to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects in the management of neurodegenerative disorders related to dementia [117,118].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [117] Dhiman, 2022, Recent trends of natural based therapeutics for mitochondria targeting in Alzheimer’s disease, Mitochondrion source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [118] Hasan, A., Zhang, M., Shang, Z.P., Yi, Y., Kuang, Y., Yu, R., Fan, J.J., Huang, Y.X., Nijat, D., and Qiao, X. (2022). Bioactive prenylated phenolic compounds from the aerial parts of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Phytochemistry, 201. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Asiatic acid may reduce Aβ levels in Alzheimer's disease brain and reduce associated pathologies.

    “In addition, previous studies have shown that asiatic acid (AA) (major bioactive triterpene) may be helpful in reducing Aβ levels in the AD brain with subsequent reduction in the pathologies associated with AD [112].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [112] Rather, 2018, Neuroprotective role of asiatic acid in aluminium chloride induced rat model of Alzheimer’s disease, Front. Biosci. Sch. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ginkgo enhances memory, reduces memory loss, improves concentration, and alleviates anxiety in individuals with dementia.

    “Several clinical trials have provided evidence that ginkgo enhances memory, reduces memory loss, improves concentration, and alleviates anxiety in individuals with dementia [134].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [134] Malabadi, 2021, Biosciences and Plant Biology Recent updates on the role of herbal medicine for Alzheimer’s disease, Dementia

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bacoside-A3 suppresses production of oxidative radicals, PGE2, and iNOS, preventing amyloid-mediated decrease in U87MG cell viability.

    “Apart from the above studies, bacoside-A3 suppressed the production of oxidative radicals, PGE2, and the production of iNOS, thus preventing the amyloid-mediated decrease in U87MG cell viability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [129] Bai, 2022, Isolation and neuronal apoptosis inhibitory property of bacoside-A3 via downregulation of β-amyloid induced inflammatory response, Biotechnol. Appl. Biochem. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Hexane extract of Bacopa monnieri (but not ethanol extract) reduces toxicity of 5 mM glutamate in HT-22 cells.

    “The results demonstrate that in HT-22 cells, the hexane extract of BM (but not an ethanol extract) reduced the toxicity of 5 mM glutamate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [128] Brimson, 2020, Bacopa monnieri (L.) wettst. Extract protects against glutamate toxicity and increases the longevity of Caenorhabditis elegans, J. Tradit. Complement. Med. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Treatment with Withania somnifera derivatives reduces DNA damage and significantly decreases apoptotic cells.

    “In addition, the tunnel assay showed reduced DNA damage and a significant decrease in apoptotic cells following treatment with WS derivatives.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [149] Dubey, 2021, Improving the inhibition of β-amyloid aggregation by withanolide and withanoside derivatives, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Withanamides A and C may bind to active motif of Aβ25-35 and shield cells from Aβ toxicity by preventing fibril formation.

    “According to the simulation studies, it was investigated whether withanamides A and C may bind to the active motif of (Aβ 25-35 ) distinctly and may shield cells from the toxicity caused by Aβ by preventing fibril formation [148].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [148] Dar, N.J., and Muzamil, A. (2020). Neurodegenerative diseases and Withania somnifera (L.): An update. J. Ethnopharmacol., 256. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Aqueous extract of Celastrus paniculatus exhibits antioxidant and cognition-enhancing properties.

    “The aqueous extract of CP exhibits both antioxidant and cognition-enhancing properties [153].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [153] Kumar, 2002, Antioxidant property of Celastrus paniculatus Willd.: A possible mechanism in enhancing cognition, Phytomedicine source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Withanone has extraordinary pharmacological and neurological effects.

    “Furthermore, the plant contains the active ingredient withanone, which has extraordinary pharmacological and neurological effects [146].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [146] Singh, S.K., Valicherla, G.R., Bikkasani, A.K., Cheruvu, S.H., Hossain, Z., Taneja, I., Ahmad, H., Raju, K.S., Sangwan, N.S., and Singh, S.K. (2021). Elucidation of plasma protein binding, blood partitioning, permeability, CYP phenotyping and CYP inhibition studies of Withanone using validated UPLC method: An active constituent of neuroprotective herb Ashwagandha. J. Ethnopharmacol., 270. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Withania somnifera derivatives interact with hydrophobic core residues of β-amyloid, preventing binding of another β-amyloid peptide and preventing fibrillization.

    “Additionally, molecular docking findings show that the derivatives interacted with the hydrophobic core residues area of -β amyloid, preventing the binding of another -β amyloid peptide and, therefore, preventing fibrillization.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [149] Dubey, 2021, Improving the inhibition of β-amyloid aggregation by withanolide and withanoside derivatives, Int. J. Biol. Macromol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Extract of Nigrospora oryzae modulates cholinergic pathway in scopolamine-induced dementia model, resulting in AChE inhibition and antioxidant activity.

    “The extract showed modulation of the cholinergic pathway in the scopolamineinduced model of dementia, which resulted in AChE inhibition and antioxidant activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [136] Vig, 2021, Neuroprotective effects of quercetin produced by an endophytic fungus Nigrospora oryzae isolated from Tinospora cordifolia, J. Appl. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In CUMS-exposed rats, fluoxetine or Convolvulus pluricaulis extract (50, 100 mg/kg) over one week increases sucrose preference index, decreases immobility time in FST, and increases squares crossed and locomotion.

    “The study uncovers the effects of CP extract (CPE) on a chronic rat model of depression, and the findings revealed that in the (chronic unpredictable mild stress) CUMS-exposed rats, fluoxetine (10 mg/kg, p.o.) or CPE (50, and 100 mg/kg) treatments given back-to-back over one week markedly increased sucrose preference index, decreased immobility time in the FST, and increased the number of squares”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [141] Gupta, 2019, Protective effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis against neuroinflammation associated depressive behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rat, Biomed. Pharmacother. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    In vitro and in vivo trials using extracts of some of these herbs showed significant cognitive protection, decreased Aβ plaque formation, prevention of neuronal degeneration, and prevention of synaptic loss.

    “In vitro and in vivo trials using extracts of some of these herbs showed significant cognitive protection, decreased Aβ plaque formation, prevention of neuronal degeneration, and prevention of synaptic loss were also observed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    These substances can control ROS generation for a range of cellular mechanisms brought on by AD progression.

    “However, these substances can control ROS generation for a range of cellular mechanisms brought on by AD progression, which may result in the development of a newer and more potent therapeutic approach and a more practical way to reduce the onset of AD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Natural products can control ROS generation for a range of cellular mechanisms brought on by Alzheimer's disease progression.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Shankhapushpi exhibits neuroprotective effects including anti-Alzheimer's effects.

    “Shankhapushpi exhibits a wide range of neuroprotective effects, including mental stimulant, anxiolytic, tranquilizing, immunomodulatory, anti-depressant, neurodegenerative, anti-convulsant, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-AD effects [138].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [138] Sharma, R., Singla, R.K., Banerjee, S., Sinha, B., Shen, B., and Sharma, R. (2022). Role of Shankhpushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis) in neurological disorders: An umbrella review covering evidence from ethnopharmacology to clinical studies. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 140. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Convolvulus pluricaulis extract has antidepressant-like impact on stressed rats, restoring liver biomarkers or monoaminergic responses, possibly mediated via anti-inflammatory potential.

    “As a result, this study showed that CPE had an antidepressant-like impact on stressed rats, restoring liver biomarkers or monoaminergic responses, which might be mediated via anti-inflammatory potential [141].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [141] Gupta, 2019, Protective effect of Convolvulus pluricaulis against neuroinflammation associated depressive behavior induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rat, Biomed. Pharmacother. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Anti-dementia-like activity of Nigrospora oryzae extract is due to quercetin, which plays a crucial role in Alzheimer's disease management.

    “Also, the findings suggested that the anti-dementia-like activity is due to the potential bioactive compound quercetin produced by Nigrospora oryzae, which performs a crucial role in the management of AD [136].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [136] Vig, 2021, Neuroprotective effects of quercetin produced by an endophytic fungus Nigrospora oryzae isolated from Tinospora cordifolia, J. Appl. Microbiol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Clinical trials are required to verify safety and efficacy of plant-based medicines.

    “To summarize, while plant-based medicines have gained popularity, clinical trials are required to verify their safety and efficacy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The widespread use of plant-based medicines does not assure the safety and efficacy of these medicines.
    • Rests on an assumption: Plant-based medicines have many chemical constituents with complex pharmacological effects on the human body.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Ashwagandha improves memory in persons with mild cognitive impairment and enhances attention, executive function, and information processing speed.

    “The results suggested that Ashwagandha improves memory in a person with MCI and enhances attention, executive function, and information processing speed [147].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [147] Choudhary, 2017, Efficacy and Safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal) Root Extract in Improving Memory and Cognitive Functions, J. Diet. Suppl. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Herbal medicine has a diverse range of medical applications, such as antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects against AChE, creating a strong neuroprotective basis.

    “One of the most promising avenues for herbal medicine is that they have a diverse range of medical applications, such as antioxidant activity and inhibitory effects against AChE, creating a strong neuroprotective basis.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationcitation

    Development of scientific, evidence-based pharmacological and clinical data for plant-based medicinal products can break the hurdle and initiate integration into conventional medical practices.

    “The development of scientific, evidence-based pharmacological and clinical data for plant-based medicinal products can break the hurdle and initiate the integration of herbal medicines into conventional medical practices [175].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [175] Parveen, 2015, Challenges and guidelines for clinical trial of herbal drugs, J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Citrus limon improves cognitive performance.

    “Improve the cognitive”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [122] Yadav, Y.C., Singh, A., Kannaujia, S.K., and Yadav, R. (2022). Neuroprotective effect of Citrus limon juice against scopolamine induced amnesia in Wistar rats: Role of cholinergic neurotransmission monitoring and beta-actin signaling. Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med., 5. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Traditional medicine formulation with characterization and quantification of bioactive or marker phytocompounds can achieve global regulatory acceptance.

    “Traditional medicine formulation, when developed with characterization and quantification of bioactive or marker phytocompounds, can achieve global regulatory acceptance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Celastrus paniculatus extract enhances cholinergic activity, contributing to efficacy in improving memory performance.

    “Notably, the botanical extract of CP has been observed to enhance cholinergic activity, thereby contributing to its efficacy in improving memory performance [152].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [152] Bhanumathy, 2010, Nootropic activity of Celastrus paniculatus seed, Pharm. Biol. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Controlling ROS generation may result in the development of a newer and more potent therapeutic approach and a more practical way to reduce the onset of AD.

    “which may result in the development of a newer and more potent therapeutic approach and a more practical way to reduce the onset of AD.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Elettaria cardamomum has antioxidant activity.

    “antioxidant activity”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [155] Yassin, M.T., Mostafa, A.A.F., Al-Askar, A.A., and Alkhelaif, A.S. (2022). In vitro antimicrobial potency of Elettaria cardamomum ethanolic extract against multidrug resistant of food poisoning bacterial strains. J. King Saud. Univ. Sci., 34. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [156] Chowdhury, S., and Kumar, S. (2020). Alpha-terpinyl acetate: A natural monoterpenoid from Elettaria cardamomum as multi-target directed ligand in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Funct. Foods, 68. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisecitation

    Hibiscus rosa-sinensis increases AChE expression.

    “increased”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [168] Shen, H., Zheng, Y., Chen, R., Huang, X., and Shi, G. (2021). Neuroprotective effects of quercetin 3-O-sophoroside from Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn. on scopolamine-induced amnesia in mice. J. Funct. Foods, 76. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [169] Rengarajan, 2020, Antioxidant activity of flavonoid compounds isolated from the petals of Hibiscus rosa sinensis, J. King Saud. Univ. Sci. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisecitation

    Pistacia vera has AChE inhibitory activity.

    “AChE”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] John, O.O., Amarachi, I.S., Chinazom, A.P., Adaeze, E., Kale, M.B., Umare, M.D., and Upaganlawar, A.B. (2022). Phytotherapy: A promising approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med., 2. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [160] Rauf, 2017, Phytochemical, ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological profile of genus Pistacia, Biomed. Pharmacother. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisecitation

    Phyllanthus acidus has AChE inhibitory potential.

    “AChE”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [158] Hashim, A., Ahmed, M.G., Rahiman, N.B.A., Manikkoth, S., and Pramod, K.L. (2022). Evaluation of the neuroprotective activity of amarus in attenuating arsenic-induced neurotoxicity—An in vivo study. Phytomedicine Plus, 2. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [159] Tan, S., Tan, E.N.Y., Lim, Q.Y., and Nafiah, M.A. (2020). Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties. J. Ethnopharmacol., 253. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Phyllanthus acidus ethanolic extract increases super oxidase dismutase and brain catalase activities.

    “increased super oxidase”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [158] Hashim, A., Ahmed, M.G., Rahiman, N.B.A., Manikkoth, S., and Pramod, K.L. (2022). Evaluation of the neuroprotective activity of amarus in attenuating arsenic-induced neurotoxicity—An in vivo study. Phytomedicine Plus, 2. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [159] Tan, S., Tan, E.N.Y., Lim, Q.Y., and Nafiah, M.A. (2020). Phyllanthus acidus (L.) Skeels: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological properties. J. Ethnopharmacol., 253. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Pistacia vera ameliorates cognitive process in scopolamine-induced Swiss albino mice.

    “Ameliorates cognitive”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] John, O.O., Amarachi, I.S., Chinazom, A.P., Adaeze, E., Kale, M.B., Umare, M.D., and Upaganlawar, A.B. (2022). Phytotherapy: A promising approach for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol. Res. Mod. Chin. Med., 2. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [160] Rauf, 2017, Phytochemical, ethnomedicinal uses and pharmacological profile of genus Pistacia, Biomed. Pharmacother. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    ALZT-OP1 demonstrates safety and substantial efficacy in subjects with early-stage Alzheimer's disease.

    “ALZT-OP1 demonstrates safety”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites NCT02547818

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Premisecitation

    Isoflavones, specifically novasoy, exhibit potential benefits in Alzheimer's disease and significant improvements in cognitive metrics.

    “Isoflavones, specifically novasoy,”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites NCT00205179

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ALZT-OP1 combination therapy reduces neuroinflammatory markers and enhances cognition in Alzheimer's patients and healthy volunteers.

    “Reduction in neuroinflammatory markers and cognitive enhancement were observed, indicating a potential breakthrough in disease-modifying”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites NCT04570644

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Curcumin and ginkgo have a preliminary positive impact on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease.

    “Preliminary data suggest a positive impact on cognitive function, warranting further exploration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites NCT00164749

      Not checked in the free run.

87 of 87

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Only a few herbal remedies have been studied in clinical testing despite many of them showing promising results experimentally.

    “However, only a few herbal remedies have been studied in clinical testing despite many of them showing promising results experimentally.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Over 200 potential drug candidates for Alzheimer's disease failed in clinical trials over the past decade.

    “Additionally, the failure of over 200 potential drug candidates in clinical trials over the past decade suggests the complexity and difficulty of both the disease and its underlying causes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles are the key pathological markers of Alzheimer's disease.

    “Senile plaques (SPs) and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the key pathological markers of AD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The main pathological events in Alzheimer's disease are aberrant cleavage of amyloid precursor protein leading to amyloid beta plaques in the extracellular space and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leading to intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.

    “Therefore, the main pathological events in AD are aberrant cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), which leads to the buildup of Aβ plaques in the extracellular space, and hyperphosphorylation of tau protein, which leads to the development of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors can temporarily alleviate some symptoms but cannot permanently treat Alzheimer's disease.

    “The investigations demonstrate that AChEIs can temporarily alleviate some symptoms but cannot permanently treat this condition.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Tau truncation takes place in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease and other tauopathies.

    “During the progression of AD and other dementias associated with tauopathy, tau truncation takes place in the early stages.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The primary building block of amyloids or senile plaques is a peptide fibril made of amyloid beta, which is highly insoluble and proteolysis resistant.

    “However, the primary building block of amyloids or SPs is a peptide fibril made of Aβ, which is highly insoluble and proteolysis resistant.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Amyloid beta is derived from the sequential cleavage of amyloid precursor protein by beta-secretase and gamma-secretase.

    “Aβ is derived from the sequential cleavage of APP by β-secretase and γsecretase.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    BACE1 is the major, if not the only, beta-secretase in vivo and is required for amyloid beta synthesis.

    “β-site APP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is the major, if not the only, β-secretase in vivo and is required for Aβ synthesis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The amyloid cascade hypothesis is further supported by the mutation of the APP, presenilin1, and two genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2), which is responsible for the change in proteolytic cleavage of APP, increasing the ratio of longer self-aggregating amyloid beta peptides.

    “The amyloid cascade hypothesis is further supported by the mutation of the APP, presenilin1, and two genes (PSEN1 and PSEN2), which is responsible for the change in proteolytic cleavage of APP, increasing the ratio of longer self-aggregating Aβ peptides.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The cholinergic hypothesis was the first theory put forth to explain Alzheimer's disease.

    “The cholinergic hypothesis was the first theory put forth to explain AD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Ginsenosides prevent amyloid beta from aggregation, promote the secretion of neurotrophic factors, and ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction.

    “Ginsenosides prevent A𝛽 from aggregation, promote the secretion of neurotrophic factors, and ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In Alzheimer's disease, acetylcholine levels are very low, which is attributed to the elevated levels of acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes.

    “In the case of AD, the ACh levels are very low, which is attributed to the elevated levels of AChE and BChE enzymes.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Throughout the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease, there is an elevation of calcium levels in the cytosol of neuronal cells.

    “Throughout the development and progression of AD, there is an elevation of Ca 2+ levels in the cytosol of neuronal cells.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The accumulated calcium in neuronal cells possesses the capability to initiate the production and deposition of amyloid beta plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau associated neurofibrillary tangles.

    “The accumulated Ca 2+ in neuronal cells possesses the capability to initiate the production and deposition of Aβ plaques and hyperphosphorylated tau associated NFTs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The PI3K/AKT signaling pathway plays a crucial role in signal transduction and controls various biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism.

    “The signaling pathway known as phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) plays a crucial role in signal transduction and controls various biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metabolism.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Ginsenoside lowers beta-secretase activity, reduces calcium influx, and exhibits a regulatory influence on the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby lowering the tau protein's phosphorylation.

    “Additionally, it has been found that ginsenoside lowers β-secretase activity, reduces calcium influx, and exhibits a regulatory influence on the PI3K/AKT pathway, thereby lowering the tau protein's phosphorylation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Amyloid-oligomers are the primary neurotoxin in Alzheimer's disease that causes oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration.

    “Amyloid-oligomers (AβO) are the primary neurotoxin in AD that causes oxidative stress and neuronal degeneration.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Currently approved drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease in modern medicine only have minor, temporary effects in ameliorating disease manifestation and are barely able to stop or reverse the condition.

    “Interestingly, the currently approved drugs for treating AD in modern medicine only have minor, temporary effects in ameliorating the disease manifestation and are barely able to stop or reverse the condition.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The widespread use of plant-based medicines does not assure the safety and efficacy of these medicines.

    “The widespread use of plant-based medicines does not assure the safety and efficacy of these medicines.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Plant-based medicines have many chemical constituents with complex pharmacological effects on the human body.

    “Plant-based medicines have many chemical constituents with complex pharmacological effects on the human body.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In Alzheimer's disease, the deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 activity by the production of its hyperactivator p25, leading to the formation of tau and amyloid protein, is an important pathological feature.

    “In AD, the deregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5) activity by the production of its hyperactivator p25, leading to the formation of tau and amyloid protein, is an important pathological feature of AD.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Alzheimer's disease is a neurological condition that worsens over time and has no known cure.

    “AD is a neurological condition that worsens over time, and there is no known cure.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Drugs already on the market merely treat symptoms and do not stop the onset or spread of Alzheimer's disease.

    “Drugs already on the market merely treat symptoms; they do not stop the onset or spread of disease.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are few FDA-approved drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease, and none of them are natural antioxidant molecules.

    “There are few FDA-approved drugs for treating AD, none of which are natural antioxidant molecules, as few therapeutic agents pass the clinical trial in the in vivo phase.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bioactive molecules have a wide variety of chemical components and incredibly low toxicity.

    “However, bioactive molecules have a wide variety of chemical components and incredibly low toxicity; as a result, AD prevalence has decreased globally.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Alzheimer's disease prevalence has decreased globally as a result of bioactive molecules.

    “as a result, AD prevalence has decreased globally.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Natural products can control ROS generation for a range of cellular mechanisms brought on by Alzheimer's disease progression.

    “However, these substances can control ROS generation for a range of cellular mechanisms brought on by AD progression”
28 of 28

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Many plant extracts showed multitarget effects in Alzheimer's disease treatment by addressing amyloid plaques, tau aggregation, oxidative stress, inflammation, cholinergic dysfunction, and excitotoxicity, while generally demonstrating safety and low toxicity or no toxicity in studies.

    “Moreover, many plant extracts showed multitarget effects in AD treatment by addressing amyloid plaques, tau aggregation, oxidative stress, inflammation, cholinergic dysfunction, and excitotoxicity, while generally demonstrating safety and low toxicity or no toxicity in studies [18,21,22].”

    From Cholinesterase Inhibitors from Plants and Their Potential in Alzheimer’s Treatment: Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as [21]

    Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • GB denotes two different plants

    Minor

    The paper assigns the abbreviation GB to both Ginkgo biloba and Glycyrrhiza glabra, making later uses ambiguous.

  • Global AD prevalence is described as both rising and falling

    Minor

    The introduction says AD has become more prevalent in recent years, but the conclusion says its prevalence has decreased globally.

  • Plant discussed outside the stated exclusive list

    Minor

    The review says it exclusively discusses the listed plants, but it also has a section discussing Celastrus paniculatus, which is not on that list.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 10

  1. Kaduszkiewicz, H., and van den Bussche, H. (2009). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, Academic Press.
  2. Bland, 2022, The Current State of Evidence for the Therapeutic Role of Curcumin in Alzheimer’s Disease, CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets, 22, 318
  3. Jantwal, A., Durgapal, S., Upadhyay, J., Rana, M., Tariq, M., Dhariwal, A., and Joshi, T. (2020). Naturally Occurring Chemicals Against Alzheimer’s Disease, Elsevier Inc.
  4. Chaudhari, K.S. (2020). Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond, Elsevier Inc.
  5. Malabadi, 2021, Biosciences and Plant Biology Recent updates on the role of herbal medicine for Alzheimer’s disease, Dementia, 8, 14
  6. Bahukhandi, A., Joshi, T., and Kumar, A. (2020). Naturally Occurring Chemicals Against Alzheimer’s Disease, Elsevier Inc.
  7. Sharma, R., Garg, N., Verma, D., Rathi, P., Sharma, V., Kuca, K., and Prajapati, P.K. (2020). Nutraceuticals in Brain Health and Beyond, Elsevier.
  8. Chan, K.W., Chin, V.K., Ismail, N., Ooi, D.J., Khong, N.M.H., and Esa, N.M. (2022). Multiple Biological Activities of Unconventional Seed Oils, Academic Press.
  9. Baghel, M., Yadav, P., Badwaik, H., and Nakhate, K. (2023). Phytopharmaceuticals and Herbal Drugs, Academic Press.
  10. Nakhate, K., Mangrulkar, S., Badwaik, H., Choudhary, R., Baghel, M., and Goyal, S. (2023). Phytopharmaceuticals and Herbal Drugs, Academic Press.

Cited by

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Related

Authors
Nagori, K., Nakhate, K. T., Yadav, K., Ajazuddin, & Pradhan, M.
Affiliations
  • Rungta College (IN)
  • Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal (IN)
  • Raipur Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Raipur 492010, India
  • Rungta College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Kohka-Kurud Road, Bhilai 490024, India
  • Gracious College of Pharmacy, Abhanpur, Raipur 493661, India
Corresponding author
  • Nakhate, Kartik T.
  • Pradhan, Madhulika
ORCID
Venue
Future Pharmacology
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-11-13
Volume
3
Issue
4
Pages
877-907
ISSN
2673-9879 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/futurepharmacol3040053
OpenAlex
W4388653555
Semantic Scholar
3aff5e054c9e9b04d3cfc40a1422fdec419f3857
Cited by
61
References
167
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 1
FWCI
18.65
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Future Pharmacology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cholinesterase and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Keywords
Alzheimer's disease, medicinal plants, phytochemicals, neuroprotection, natural products, anti-Alzheimer agents, clinical trials, preclinical research, drug development

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Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-10.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-10.

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